Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

Notes to chapter 3
the muftis). The Hanafite muftis include:
‘Abd al-Rahman Muhammad ‘Imad al-Din
al-‘Imadi (978–1051AH/1570–1641) who
studied with Muhibb al-Din; Fadlallah
al-‘Imadi – presumably Fadlallah Shihab
al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman al-‘Imadi (1045–
96/1635–85) ‘who travelled to Rumelie and
became a judge in Beirut’ (‘Arf al-basham,
p. 102); ‘Imad al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman al-
‘Imadi (1004–68/1595–1658); ‘Ala’ al-Din
Muhammad al-Haskafi (1025–88/1616–77);
Ahmad al-mufti (presumably Ahmad b.
Muhammad al-Hamnadari al-Dimashqi
(1024–1105/1615–94); Isma‘il ‘Ali Rajab
al-Ha’ik (1046–1113/1636–1702); ‘Ali
Ibrahim ‘Abd al-Rahman al-‘Imadi
(1048–1117/1637–1706); Muhammad
Ibrahim ‘Abd al-Rahman al-‘Imadi
(1075–1135/1664–1723); and Hamid ‘Ali
Ibrahim al-‘Imadi (1103–71/1692–1758).
There are also fetwas from the Shafi‘i
muftis Muhammad Da’ud al-Qudsi, ‘Abd
al-Qadir, and Muhammad Muhammad
al-Hisni al-Husaini, and the Maliki mufti
Abu ’l-Qasim al-Maghribi. This list of
muftis does not claim to be complete on
issues not concerning land.
17 Majmu‘ Fatawi al-Muradiya,
ZAL.2642, fol. 332: ‘fa-hal takun al-maska
li-’l-ukht al-madhkura bi-haqq al-tabu min
nazir al-waqf’.
18 Ibn ‘Abidin: al-‘Uqud, vol. 2,
pp. 189 and 193. In his rearrangement and
abridgement of the fetwas of Hamid ibn
‘Ali, Ibn ‘Abidin excludes the passages cited
in Turkish from Kanunname-i liva-yı Şam,
‘Abdullah Efendi and Hazinet ül-Fetava
substituting translations made for him and
found on the margins of a copy of al-Durr
al-mukhtar (see note 49). Compare Mughni
al-mustafti, ZAL.5656, fols 462a–464b and
al-‘Uqud, vol. 2, pp. 191–3.
19 Writing of Cevdet Pasha and
perhaps drawing on Cevdet’s own selfestimation,
Ebül’ula Mardin, Medeni
Hukuk Cephesinden Ahmed Cevdet Paşa
(1996), pp. 5–6, describes him as less of
a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence than
either Ibn Nujaim or Ibn ‘Abidin.
246
20 Compare for sixteenth-century
Syria ‘Ali al-‘Arabi: Risala fi ’l-hisba, fols
21b–24a, Fi bayan ahwal arbab al-timar
wa ma yata‘allaq bi-hum min al-ahkam.
In an early seventeeth-century fetwa
collection, ZAL.2600, Fatawa Yahya
Efendi – Yahya b. Zekeriya Bayram, d.
1053/1644, see Kahraman et al. (eds):
İlmiyye Salnamesi, pp. 364–5 – the mufti
responds to a question concerning Zaid
who had been distinguished in battle and
rewarded with several villages and mezraas
as his retirement (takaüt), only to have
these reclaimed by the treasury. This is not
a question the mufti can judge: its resolution
should be decided by the political
authorities: ‘rey-i ulü-l-emre müfevvazdır’
(fol. 95b).
21 Fatawa bani ’l-‘Imadi, ZAL.5864,
fol. 24a and Fatawa al-‘alim al-‘allama
maula-na al-marhum ‘Abd al-Rahman
Efendi al-‘Imadi, ZAL.5377, fol. 80a.
22 ZAL.5864, fol. 73a.
23 For the first see ZAL.5864, fol. 73a
and also fol. 41 where the sipahi is said
to have ordered the people of a village
to cultivate a mazra‘a of a waqf without
permission and for the second, ZAL.5377,
fols 64b–65a.
24 ZAL.5377, fol. 80a.
25 Al-Nur al-mubin fi fatawi al-
‘Imadiyin, ZAL.7508, fols 66b–67b.
26 Al-Fatawa al-khairiya (1882–83),
vol. 2, p. 61: ‘la yantasib khasman limudda‘i-ha
mulkan aw waqfan li-‘adam
mulki-hi la-ha li-anna ’l-sultan ma ja‘al
la-hu fi-ha illa ’l-kharaj …’
27 For the distinction between a grant
with administrative power (the full iqta‘)
and a salary or grant in return for services
without delegation of administrative
power, see Ibn Qutlubugha: Mas’alat ijarat
al-iqta‘, fols 185a–b.
28 Al-Nur al-mubin, ZAL.7508, fol.
67b.
29 Al-Nabulusi: al-Hadiqa al-nadiya,
p. 734. The ‘seller’ apparently refers to the
cultivator selling land and not the ultimate
owner, the treasury.