Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

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Unsettledness: initial registration in Hawwara, 1876–83 In the 1876 tapu register the plough land of Hawwara was described as divided into three large blocks, buwaib, mughniya and za‘r, of area 6,500, 4,000 and 6,500 dönüms respectively. 29 A landholding consisted of a certain share in each block and there were 31 holdings in all. 30 Together the shares added to 46½, an average of 1½ shares per holding. If we divide the list into two (see Table 9.3), the first thirteen holdings totalled 23 shares, the other eighteen 23½. The four Abu Kirsanna holdings amounted to eight shares in the first half while holdings associated with the Shatnawis and most of those who contested the sale in 1882, as well as the vendor himself, were grouped in the second. But there was no official recognition of such a division. Tapu registration of houses was done in November 1883, though Na’il Gharaiba and two others registered theirs separately in March 1882. In Na’il’s case, eight structures were registered in his name jointly with five brothers and two sons of a paternal cousin: one house valued at 7,000 guruş, among the most highly valued houses in the district, five wells and two cisterns. The 1883 list had 46 buildings ranging in value from 150 to 6,000 guruş. Only two of the 46 buildings were not houses – one was a storeroom, another a stable – and none was a well. The relation between residence and landholding in Hawwara in the initial years of tapu registration was unsettled. Many landholders listed in 1876 were not represented in the house list, in other words (assuming both lists to be accurate) were either not living in Hawwara in 1876 or were to leave soon afterwards. In some cases nothing more was heard of them and title to land was left, as it were, suspended in the record lacking a subsequent mutation, although no holding was officially declared abandoned (mahlul). Even in the case of the Gharaiba house there is an impression of initial unsettledness, for only five of Na’il’s seven brothers were listed as co-sharers, and one of the five (Khalil) was to settle in the village of al-Mughaiyir just to the north of Hawwara. 31 It is as though, coming from the village of Jumha to the west of Bait Ra’s, they had not yet determined where each would settle. On the other hand a number of householders in 1883, who had not been registered as landholders in 1876, had already bought or would shortly buy land in the village. The most important of these was Na’il Gharaiba. But four other houses in the 1883 list were valued at 5,000 or 6,000 guruş, two of which were held by other new landholders. The turnover is thus impressive. First in the list, valued at 5,000 guruş, was a house held by the four sons of Muhammad Sabbah who had bought one of the contested shares from Yusuf Suwaidan. Muhammad Sabbah was a putative cousin of Na’il Gharaiba (see the top generation of the Gharaiba genealogy in Figure 9.3). Two sons of Muhammad Sabbah’s brother ‘Ali held houses of less value, numbered two and three in the list. A second new landholder with a house valued at 6,000 guruş was Ahmad al-Mustafa Tannash. In 1885 he would buy two half-shares of land, one from a Shatnawi, the other from an Abu Kirsanna. But he had already been named as one of the co-partners (halit ve şerik) in the contested sale of land in 1882 by Yusuf Suwaidan, even 129 Two plains villages
TABLE 9.3 Hawwara, landholdings in 1876 and their history to 1895 1876 1876 Family Name Father’s name History 1895 1895 hldg share hldg share 1 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Abdullah Ahmad al-Musa Sells all in 1878 to Yusuf Tawil whence in 1879 to Na’il Gharaiba; 0 sons Mahmud & Muhammad share house-10 in 1883 with son Salih of no. 10, but not listed in 1895 2 1½ Barakat ‘Abdul-Rahim Not resident in 1883; is listed in 1895 at end but never appears in 89 1½ records and no claim is made to his land in 1921 3 2 Shuha ‘Abdul-Jalil As‘ad House-47 registered in 1889 but otherwise unchanged to 1895; 24 2 2 shares inherited by son Hamid in 1919 who gradually sells all 4 1½ [Rawashida] Mahmud Ahmad House-21 in 1883; in 1895 has one share after de facto sale of ½ 48 1 to another Rawashida (1895 holding no. 47), made official by tapu mutation in 1908 5 1½ Rumi ‘Abdul-Qadir Shares house-6 in 1883 with no. 7; apparently sells ½ share before 84 1½ 1895 (missing mutation) leaving 1 with sons Sulaiman & al-‘Abid equally; latter is claimed in 1921 by Jammal (no. 31) and ‘Abdul- Muhsin (no. 22) 6 1½ Lubani Muhammad + Qasim Sells all in 1878 to Yusuf Tawil whence in 1879 to Na’il Gharaiba; 0 Salih not resident in 1883; other Lubani remain in village landless 7 1½ Rumi ‘Umar Shares house-6 in 1883 with no. 5; no change to 1895 32 1½ 8 2 [1895: Hazir] Ahmad ‘Ali al-‘Isa Not resident in 1883; sells ½ to Ghannam in 1893 and is listed 90 1 in 1895 at end; in 1903 sells remaining 1 share to four co-sharers (including Khattar al-Husain); missing mutation of ½ 9 1½ Abu Hunada Musa Sells all in 1878 to Yusuf Tawil whence in 1879 to Na’il Gharaiba; 0 not resident in 1883 10 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Abdul-Qadir Ahmad Son Salih shares house-10 with sons of no. 1, and buys 1 share 28 ½ from no. 11 in 1891, of which ½ sold to Ghannam (no. 86 in 1895) 80 1½ in 1893; has holding 28 in 1895; father also listed in 1895 with 1½ (no. 80) which he sells to son Mustafa (listed second of khalit washarik) in 1901
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Governing property, making the mode
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Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
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6 The introduction of bureaucratic
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Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
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Note on transliteration, datation a
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Acknowledgements We have accumulate
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1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
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Legal doctrine here frames property
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The case occurred some five years a
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of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
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PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
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Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
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Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
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Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
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Part one | 2 only out of the necess
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Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
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Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
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Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
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Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
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Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
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Part one | 3 character of the culti
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Part one | 3 the provisions of the
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Part one | 3 others died creating a
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Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
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Part one | 3 criterion by which to
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4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
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Part one | 4 administration require
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Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
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Part one | 4 together with the land
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Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
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Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
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Part one | 4 were issued that marke
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Introduction The last chapter descr
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5 | Production and settlement in th
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
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nahiye lie three further foothill v
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to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
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Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
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in the second from 22 to 24; in the
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The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
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souls [i.e. those listed above], we
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estricted to plough agriculture of
Page 94 and 95: these villages to register land. Al
Page 96 and 97: eturned to Irbid they would be repa
Page 98 and 99: al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
Page 100 and 101: After the series of sessions come i
Page 102 and 103: unacceptable acts: pretending to de
Page 104 and 105: Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
Page 106 and 107: which later was to be subdivided in
Page 108 and 109: in descending rank order by size in
Page 110 and 111: acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
Page 112 and 113: ecame standardized across large are
Page 114 and 115: villages to the large area of exten
Page 116 and 117: title document or, if it had been l
Page 118: Local political leaders came gradua
Page 122 and 123: Introduction Part three considers t
Page 124 and 125: shares in plough land in 1895 was a
Page 126 and 127: question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
Page 128 and 129: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 130 and 131: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 132 and 133: marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
Page 134 and 135: holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
Page 136 and 137: Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
Page 138 and 139: But it makes clear that the fight w
Page 140 and 141: in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
Page 142 and 143: Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
Page 146 and 147: 11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
Page 148 and 149: Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
Page 150 and 151: ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
Page 152 and 153: which in 1895 had been held by Sali
Page 154 and 155: adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
Page 156 and 157: By 1895 the village had expanded in
Page 158 and 159: There was ambiguity in the nature o
Page 160 and 161: the three blocks of land seem to ha
Page 162 and 163: instance, one sub-group of eight sh
Page 164 and 165: ut would appear to have come togeth
Page 166 and 167: composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
Page 168 and 169: with the formal division into secti
Page 170 and 171: affinal links. In a close-knit comm
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
Page 174 and 175: 19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
Page 176 and 177: householder or the holder of an oli
Page 178 and 179: egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
Page 180 and 181: crop rotation and reallotment of ho
Page 182 and 183: payment. His case too is discussed
Page 184 and 185: Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
Page 186 and 187: Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
Page 188 and 189: on the other hand, there is an inhe
Page 190 and 191: 1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
Page 192 and 193: most valuable asset of villagers, l
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TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
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olive trees; 215 plots were registe
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on another family’s land; and ano
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to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
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plough animals and male labour. Cro
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Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
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nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
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It appears that at the time land wa
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Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
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substantial say in the control of l
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atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
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had often moved once or twice comin
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Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
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Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
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Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
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exercised over crop rotation or the
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Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
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did he plough. This statement appea
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Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
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each being registered as owning 1½
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(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
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Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
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notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
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Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
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weeks under the tree, and eventuall
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Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
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with almond-shaped openings, built
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Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
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Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
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Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
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Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
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Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
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Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
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Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
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Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
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Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
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Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
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Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
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Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
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Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
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Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
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Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
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Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
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Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
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Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
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Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
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Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
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Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
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Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
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Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
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Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
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Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
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Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
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Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
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Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
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Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
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Bibliography The Economic History o
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Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
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Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
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Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
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Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
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Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
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Index orchards, as objects of regis
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Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
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