Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

More documents

Recommendations

Info

souls [i.e. those listed above], we fix (naqta‘) the estimated value of the lands of the village of Makhraba, which belongs to the fiscal administration of the above mentioned district. The dunum is evaluated at 12 ghurush on average. We toured all the land and on the basis of our knowledge of its true value, in line with similar [land], we drew up this document under our seals to be kept in the tabu registry. Both statements are attested by Ahmad ‘Abduh al-‘Azzam, headman of Makhraba, by the headman of the neighbouring village of Samma, and by a third notable. Lastly the total number of dunums is given: 2,350 dunums. The second document, in Turkish, is from the tapu scribe to the director of finance. He notes that the village is held by Ahmad Efendi al-‘Azzam along with 12 other persons who enjoy actual possession; that the testimony from the vicinity grants them rights by hakk-ı karar; and that since all previous taxes appear to have been paid, he is granting them provisional title documents on the basis of right acquired by hakk-ı karar. In a third document the director of finance writes back in Arabic noting that he finds the annual sum of property-value tax (mal wirku) for the village to be 500 ghurush and the sum paid in lieu of the tithe (badal a‘shar) to be 800 ghurush as fixed in 1879–80; that the village has paid its fixed taxes (mal) every year since 1871–72, together with its tithe (a‘shar) since 1879–80; and that there are no back taxes due. This correspondence appears to reflect anterior administrative practice: the documents concern the village as a whole; the fiscal evaluation of land and the identification of right-holders rests with village headmen and regional leaders rather than with the elected village council of elders or a register of souls held by government officials; the village contains both persons and lands described to the state official but without definition of the internal allocation of land to persons; 48 and the fiscal value of land is fixed as an average across all lands of the village. It was common fiscal practice in many villages that the lands be assigned a single value. See Map 6.2 where land values deriving from the tapu registers are mapped by villages of the region. So what did tapu registration change in the case of Makhraba? Tapu registration proceeded to assign shares in the single block of village land. In the yoklama register the land appears divided into nine shares of land held by ten sets of holders: two with two shares, one with 1⅛, one with ¾, one with ⅝, four with ½, and one with ¼. Ahmad Efendi al-‘Azzam held two shares and together with two other ‘Azzams, 3¼ shares altogether out of nine shares of the village land; quite exceptionally a woman, Haya daughter of a sheikh (the word usually indicates a religious figure of a Sufi order when it appears in the registers) held ½ share. Tapu registration thus defined the number of shares and their distribution between individuals. Registration in shares meant that many of the practices of periodic land redistribution were able to continue within villages. And shareholding forms of representing and managing village land were not 75 Introduction of bureaucratic registration
Jordan River Lake Tiberias 0 10 km ? Yarmuk River ? ? ? Zarqa River Value of one dönüm of land in gurus 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 No mean land value ? ? Map 6.2 Land values ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10 km Information missing N
Page 2:
Governing property, making the mode
Page 5 and 6:
Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & C
Page 7 and 8:
6 The introduction of bureaucratic
Page 9 and 10:
Maps, figures and tables Maps 5.1 T
Page 11 and 12:
Note on transliteration, datation a
Page 13 and 14:
Acknowledgements We have accumulate
Page 16 and 17:
1 | Introduction Two documents On 1
Page 18 and 19:
Legal doctrine here frames property
Page 20 and 21:
The case occurred some five years a
Page 22 and 23:
of first instance. 25 Only a few ye
Page 24:
PART ONE | Ottoman jurisprudence co
Page 27 and 28:
Part one | 2 remained fixed regardl
Page 29 and 30:
Part one | 2 mülk land. The Ottoma
Page 31 and 32:
Part one | 2 tax revenue the timari
Page 33 and 34:
Part one | 2 only out of the necess
Page 35 and 36:
Part one | 2 devolution of offices,
Page 37 and 38:
Part one | 3 enjoy greater politica
Page 39 and 40: Part one | 3 equivalent of a grant
Page 41 and 42: Part one | 3 fetwa concerning a cul
Page 43 and 44: Part one | 3 Muhammad al-‘Imadi (
Page 45 and 46: Part one | 3 character of the culti
Page 47 and 48: Part one | 3 the provisions of the
Page 49 and 50: Part one | 3 others died creating a
Page 51 and 52: Part one | 3 is commended, forcible
Page 53 and 54: Part one | 3 criterion by which to
Page 55 and 56: 4 | Legal reform from the 1830s to
Page 57 and 58: Part one | 4 administration require
Page 59 and 60: Part one | 4 prosecution of corrupt
Page 61 and 62: Part one | 4 together with the land
Page 63 and 64: Part one | 4 holders of miri land t
Page 65 and 66: Part one | 4 the Meclis-i Vala, con
Page 67 and 68: Part one | 4 were issued that marke
Page 70 and 71: Introduction The last chapter descr
Page 72 and 73: 5 | Production and settlement in th
Page 74 and 75: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Kufrinja
Page 76 and 77: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 78 and 79: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Khirbat
Page 80 and 81: nahiye lie three further foothill v
Page 82 and 83: to the three districts of ‘Ajlun,
Page 84 and 85: Jordan River Lake Tiberias Yarmuk R
Page 86 and 87: in the second from 22 to 24; in the
Page 88 and 89: The complaint to Istanbul by the vi
Page 92 and 93: estricted to plough agriculture of
Page 94 and 95: these villages to register land. Al
Page 96 and 97: eturned to Irbid they would be repa
Page 98 and 99: al-Fattah Efendi had come to the di
Page 100 and 101: After the series of sessions come i
Page 102 and 103: unacceptable acts: pretending to de
Page 104 and 105: Da’ud ‘Abbada and Jurji Qabawat
Page 106 and 107: which later was to be subdivided in
Page 108 and 109: in descending rank order by size in
Page 110 and 111: acking as tax collectors. Ibrahim E
Page 112 and 113: ecame standardized across large are
Page 114 and 115: villages to the large area of exten
Page 116 and 117: title document or, if it had been l
Page 118: Local political leaders came gradua
Page 122 and 123: Introduction Part three considers t
Page 124 and 125: shares in plough land in 1895 was a
Page 126 and 127: question of ‘Ajaj Bey, the govern
Page 128 and 129: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 130 and 131: 1895 1921 1910 Holding House House
Page 132 and 133: marriage links by the mid-1890s wit
Page 134 and 135: holdings numbered 33 to 57) were no
Page 136 and 137: Figure 9.2 Bait Ra’s, households
Page 138 and 139: But it makes clear that the fight w
Page 140 and 141:
in 1880, 1895 and 1921. The table
Page 142 and 143:
Nineteenth-century Ottoman land ref
Page 144 and 145:
Unsettledness: initial registration
Page 146 and 147:
11 2 [Kirsanna] ‘Awwad ‘Abdul-R
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 9.3 Hawwara, genealogy of th
Page 150 and 151:
ecorded in the 1895 tax register. C
Page 152 and 153:
which in 1895 had been held by Sali
Page 154 and 155:
adjusted to entries in the tapu reg
Page 156 and 157:
By 1895 the village had expanded in
Page 158 and 159:
There was ambiguity in the nature o
Page 160 and 161:
the three blocks of land seem to ha
Page 162 and 163:
instance, one sub-group of eight sh
Page 164 and 165:
ut would appear to have come togeth
Page 166 and 167:
composed of the Haddad, Da’ud,
Page 168 and 169:
with the formal division into secti
Page 170 and 171:
affinal links. In a close-knit comm
Page 172 and 173:
TABLE 10.1 Kufr ‘Awan, properties
Page 174 and 175:
19c Hasan Sulaiman Fallah 678a 1/4
Page 176 and 177:
householder or the holder of an oli
Page 178 and 179:
egistration ‘Abdullah had no chil
Page 180 and 181:
crop rotation and reallotment of ho
Page 182 and 183:
payment. His case too is discussed
Page 184 and 185:
Figure 10.3 Kufr Àwan, households
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 10.5 Kufr Àwan, households
Page 188 and 189:
on the other hand, there is an inhe
Page 190 and 191:
1940). The other ¾q of Zarifa’s
Page 192 and 193:
most valuable asset of villagers, l
Page 194 and 195:
TABLE 10.2 Khanzira, share per pers
Page 196 and 197:
olive trees; 215 plots were registe
Page 198 and 199:
on another family’s land; and ano
Page 200 and 201:
to 31, and in 14 of the mutations t
Page 202 and 203:
plough animals and male labour. Cro
Page 204 and 205:
Figure 11.1 Tannash family holdings
Page 206 and 207:
nu‘mana as fodder. As a summer cr
Page 208 and 209:
It appears that at the time land wa
Page 210 and 211:
Figure 11.3 Marriage relations of t
Page 212 and 213:
substantial say in the control of l
Page 214 and 215:
atls of lentils, one-half ratl of s
Page 216 and 217:
had often moved once or twice comin
Page 218 and 219:
Figure 11.5 Gharaiba intermarriages
Page 220 and 221:
Figure 11.6 Ahmad Àbid-Rabbuh’s
Page 222 and 223:
Figure 11.7 Holdings of Àbdul-Ghan
Page 224 and 225:
exercised over crop rotation or the
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 12.1 Family links of Husna S
Page 228 and 229:
did he plough. This statement appea
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 12.2 Marriage links of Ahmad
Page 232 and 233:
each being registered as owning 1½
Page 234 and 235:
(‘urja) at her wedding. Her husba
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 12.4 The marriages of Ibrahi
Page 238 and 239:
notables (wujuh) Hasan al-Salim, Ib
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 12.5 The children of Sheikh
Page 242 and 243:
weeks under the tree, and eventuall
Page 244 and 245:
Figure 12.6 Family links of Yumna M
Page 246:
with almond-shaped openings, built
Page 249 and 250:
Epilogue eighteenth centuries the c
Page 251 and 252:
Epilogue bedouin groups. Thus, in t
Page 253 and 254:
Notes to chapter 1 landholdings in
Page 255 and 256:
Notes to chapters 1 and 2 wa-jiwaru
Page 257 and 258:
Notes to chapter 2 nakl olunmaz; ta
Page 259 and 260:
Notes to chapters 2 and 3 question;
Page 261 and 262:
Notes to chapter 3 the muftis). The
Page 263 and 264:
Notes to chapter 3 cites Masters, T
Page 265 and 266:
Notes to chapter 3 Yahya Efendi - p
Page 267 and 268:
Notes to chapters 3 and 4 taxes imp
Page 269 and 270:
Notes to chapter 4 19 There is a di
Page 271 and 272:
Notes to chapter 4 enough to shelte
Page 273 and 274:
Notes to chapters 5 and 6 6 On the
Page 275 and 276:
Notes to chapter 6 the debt; the vi
Page 277 and 278:
Notes to chapters 6 and 7 to the pr
Page 279 and 280:
Notes to chapter 7 10 Later in the
Page 281 and 282:
Notes to chapter 7 36 BOA.ŞD.2273/
Page 283 and 284:
Notes to chapter 8 ent administrati
Page 285 and 286:
Notes to chapter 9 ing at that time
Page 287 and 288:
Notes to chapter 9 Hamid, Hamuda an
Page 289 and 290:
Notes to chapters 9 and 10 leaving
Page 291 and 292:
Notes to chapter 10 AT.Yoklama, Ağ
Page 293 and 294:
Notes to chapter 10 trees on villag
Page 295 and 296:
Notes to chapter 11 April 1927, con
Page 297 and 298:
Notes to chapter 11 and Mustafa al-
Page 299 and 300:
Notes to chapter 12 6 DLS.AT.Yoklam
Page 301 and 302:
Notes to chapter 12 on 29 June and
Page 303 and 304:
Notes to chapter 12 and Epilogue 61
Page 305 and 306:
Bibliography the order of Emir Ibra
Page 307 and 308:
Bibliography The Economic History o
Page 309 and 310:
Bibliography Empire: Agrarian power
Page 311 and 312:
Bibliography Peake, Frederik, Ta’
Page 313 and 314:
Bibliography Near Eastern Studies,
Page 315 and 316:
Index Bani Hasan, 57, 58, 65, 68, 8
Page 317 and 318:
Index al-‘Imadi, Hamid ibn Àli,
Page 319 and 320:
Index orchards, as objects of regis
Page 321:
Index temettuat, 42, 66 threshing,
show all

Governing property, making the modern state - PSI424

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?