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96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 44 line running from the Rio Chagres on the north coast to Chorrera on the Pacific coast; on the east and south it was separated from the Choco territory by the Rio Cacarica, the "sierra del Espiritu Santo," and the Rio Sambu. As the Imes run from coast to coast, the region is easily indicated. With Cuna end the languages of isthmian America on the south, the next language (Choco) being included geographically in the continent of South America. ETHNIC DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN NORTH A^IERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA It has long been conceded that the linguistic element (if it may be termed so) of South,America, at the time of the Spanish Conquest, extended into the southern sections of Central Amerida. Brinton says (3:164): The mountain chain which separates Nicaragua from Costa Rica, and the headwaters of the Rio Frio from those of the more southern and eastern streams, is the ethnographic boundary of North America. Beyond it [going south] we come upon tribes whose linguistic affinities point towards the southern continent. Such are the Talamancas, Guaymies, Valientes, and others. So far as the present writer is aware, however, Sapper (1:48) is the first to lay down definitely this dividing line on a map. Beginning at the extreme northwestern corner of Honduras, where it meets the bay, it runs thence southeast almost in a direct line to the eastern end of Lake Nicaragua; and thence m nearly the same direction to the head of the Gulf of Dulce on the southern coast of Costa Rica. This demarcation, allowing the following modification, is accepted: Carry the line from the east end, or near the east end, of Lake Nicaragua almost directly south to the mouth of the Gulf of Nicoya, the tribes east of this line—the Jicaque, Paya, the Ulvan tribes, Carib, Mosquito, Rama, and all the tribes of Costa Rica (except the Orotina), and those of Panama—being considered as belonging ethnically to the southern continent. Brinton's dividing line was laid down before he had discovered the correct relation of the Rama. He assigned the Jicaque, Paya, and Ulvan group to the northern contment, but, in the judgment of the WTiter, Sapper's division is the better one. On this point the only question in doubt is, whether or not the Xincan, Lencan, Matagalpan, and Subtiaban tribes, west of the dividing line thus drawn, should not also be added to the South American list.
Ahumada, Luis de. Carta del Padre Luis de Ahumada, dirigida al Padre Martin Pelaez, Provincial de la Compania de Jesus el 13 de Noviembre de 1608. In Doc. Hist. Mex., 4tli ser., vol. III. Mexico, 1857. Albornoz, Juan de. Arte de la Lengua Chiapaneca [with] Doctrina Christiana by Luis Barrientos; Observations pre- liminatres by Alph. Pinart. Paris, 1875. Alcedo, Antonio de. Diccionario Geographico-Historico. Vols. i-v. Madrid, 1786-1789. Alegre, Francisco Javier. Historia de la Compania de Jesus en Nueva Es- pafia. Vols, i-iii. Mexico, 1841—42. Alejandre, Marcelo. Cartillo Huas- teca con su Gramatica, Diccionario, y varias Reglas para aprender el Idioma. Mexico, 1890. Anales del Museo Michoacano. Morelia, 1887 et seq. Anonymous. Vocabulario Castellano- Zapoteco (published by La Junta Colombina de Mexico). Mexico, 1893. Arlegui, Joseph de. Cronica de la Provincia de N. S. P. S. Francisco de Zacatecas. Mexico, 1737. Baegert, Jacob. An account of the ab- original inhabitants of the California Peninsula, as given by Jacob Baegert. Translated and arranged by Charles Rau. In <strong>Smithsonian</strong> Rep. 18G3, Washington, 1864; ibid., 1864, Wash- ington, 1865. Balbi, Adrien. Atlas ethnographique du Globe, ou Classification des Peuples anciens et modemes d'apres leurs Langues. Paris, 1826. Bancroft, Hubert Howe. The Native Races of the Pacific States. Vols. i-v. San Francisco, 1875-76. Bell, Charles N. Remarks on the Mosquito Territory. In Jour. Roy. Geogr. Soc, vol. xxxii. London, 1862. BIBLIOGRAPHY Belmar, Francisco. (1) Ensayo sobre la Langua Trike. (No author's name on title-page.) Small pamphlet. Oaxaca, 1897. (2) Ligero Estudio sobre la Lengua Mazateca. (Pamphlet.) Oaxaca, 1892. Berendt, C. H. (1) Report of Explora- tions in Central America. In Smithson- ian Report for 1867. Washington, 1872. (2) Geographical Distribution of the Ancient Central American Civiliza- tion. In Jour. Amer. Geogr. Soc. of New York, vol. 8. Also in Bol. Soc. Mex. Geogr. et Est., 1850 etseq. Two series. Vols. 1 and 2 entitled "Boletin del Institute Nacional de Geografia y Estadistica." Reprint, (3d ed.) 1861. Boyle, Frederick. A Ride across a Continent. Vols, i, ii. London, 1868. Brasseur de Bourbourg. (1) Histoire des Nations Civilisees du Mexique et de rAmerique-Centrale. A^ols. i-iv. Paris, 1857-1859. (2) Popol Vuh. le Livre Sacre et les Mythes de I'Antiquite Americaine. Paris, 1861. Brinton, Daniel G. (1) On the so- • called Alaguilac Language of Guatemala. In Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. XXIV, and separate. Phila., 1887. (2) On the Xinca Indians of Guatemala. In Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. XXI, and separate. Phila., 1884. (3) The American Race. New York, 1891. - (4) The Ethnic AfFmities of the Guetares of Costa Rica. In Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. xxxvi, and separate. Phila., 1898. (5) Report upon the Collections Exhibited at the Columbian Historical Exposition. In Report of U. S. Com- mission to the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, 1892-93. Wash- ington, 1895. Buelna, Eustaquio. Arte de la Lengua Cahita. 1 vol. Mexico, 1891 97
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