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THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 79
the area occupied by the entire family, indicating the tribal or sub-
tribal names at such points therein as, from the best evidence acces-
sible, appear to have been occupied by them respectively. The fact
must be borne in mind, however, that the very existence of some of
these tribes or subtribes is disputed.
:
After comparing what is said by Squier and other authorities on
the subject, Brinton, the principal authority here followed in the
classification of the Ulvan. tribes, gives (3: 162-163) the following
with their respective habitats
Carchas, or Cukras, on the Rio Mico, above the Matlack Falls.
Cocos, on the Rio Coco (Segovia).
Melchoras, on the Rio de los Ramas (Bluefielda).
Micos, on the Rio Mico.
Pantasmas, in the upper basin of the Rio Coco.
Parrastahs, on the Rio Mico.
Siquias, on the upper Rio Mico.
Subironas, on the Rio Coco.
Taocas, or Twakas, at San Bias, on the Rio Twaka.
Ulvas (Woolwas or Smoos), on the headwaters of the Bluefields river.
It must be added, however, that Brinton does not furnish his
authority for some of these names and localities, and that Sapper
(1 : 29) seems to doubt the correctness of his list and peoples the areas
very largely with the Sumo. He says:
The Sumos are mentioned by Brinton under the name Ulvas; aside from the Indians
given as Bulbuls, Carchas, Cocos, Micos, Parrastahs, Pantasmas, Melchoras, Siquias,
Smoos, Subironas, Twakas, and Woolwas, all however seem to belong to the Sumos.
Squier and other authorities mention the Twaka, Cukra, and Ulva;
and Reclus (283) names in addition the Pantasma, Melchora, Siquia,
and Laman. The last-named author locates on his map most of the
names he gives, but not consistently with his text. Bell (1 : 242-
268) mentions the following tribes: The Smoos, "the most numerous
tribe," on the headwaters of all the rivers from Bluefields to Patook
[Patuca]; the Twaka, "a tribe of Smoos," along the Twaka river, a
branch of the Prinz Awala; the Toongla, along the other branch of the
same river—a mixed race of Smoos and Mosquito Indians ; the Cookra,
around Bluefields.
Young (80) says the principal residence of the Twaka at that time
was about the head of the Patuca river. Squier (4) locates them, on
his map, on the middle section of Segovia river, which forms in part
the boundary line between Honduras and Nicaragua. Keclus (261)
makes the tribe a member of the Lenca group and locates them on the
upper affluents of the Patuca river.
As before noted, Brinton locates the Cookra (Cukra, Carcha) on the
Rio Mico above Matlack Falls. According to Squier's map, the Mico
is the same as the Bluefields river, which has received also the name
Escondido, and was by the Indians called Lama and Siguia, the latter
name referring probably only to a tributary. Squier places the