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38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 44 teristics. This distinction was at most probably nothing more than dialectic, and possibly only in name. It is justifiable, therefore, con- sidering the data, to accept Orozco y Berra's conclusion. Bancroft (i, 610) says, "The Tohosos are north of the Tarahumares and in the Mission of San Francisco de Coahuila, in the State of Coahuila," but this is evidently erroneous unless the reference is to scattered divisions. The location given on his map corresponds with this statement, the Tarahumare being placed along the extreme southern border of the state of Chihuahua. In the same volume (572) he says, ''East of the Tarahumares, in the northern part of the first-named state [Chihuahua], dwell the Conchos;" and the latter are placed on his map in the northern part of Chihuahua. Pakawan Coahuilteco was adopted by Maj. J. W. Powell as the basis of a family name, Coahuiltecan, wliich appears to have included numer- ous small tribes in southern Texas and the adjoining portions of Mexico along the lower part of the Kio Grande del Norte, but it has been thought by the present writer that the native name, Pakawan, used by Gatschet, is more appropriate. Major Powell remarks as fol- lows (68): On page 63 of his Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico, 1864, Orczco y Berra gives a list of the languages of Mexico and includes Coahuilteco, indicating it as the language of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. He does not, however, indicate its extension into Texas. It would thus seem that he intended the name as a gen- eral designation for the language of all the cognate tribes ... In his statement that the language and tribes are extinct this author was mistaken, as a few Indians still (1886) survive, who speak one of the dialects of this family, and in 1886 Mr. Gatschet collected vocabularies of two tribes, the Comecrudo and Cotoname, who live on the Rio Grande, at Las Prietas, State of Tamaulipas. Bartolome Garcia in his " Manual para administrar los Santos Sacramentos" (title-page) names 17 tribes speaking dialects of this language. Adolph Uhde (120 et seq.) gives the names and locations of 74, based on previous works and his j)ersonal observations. It is scarcely possible, however, that these should be understood as tribes. As the data are not sufficient to justify any attempt to locate the tribes or subtribes wliich dwelt south of the Rio Grande, except those identified by Doctor Gatschet, the writer has followed Orozco y Berra substantially in the area assigned to this family. Beyond this, with the exceptions mentioned, aU is uncertainty and any conclusion mere guesswork, Laguneros The people included by Orozco y Berra under the name "Irritilas" are those to whom the missionaries and earlier authorities applied the term "Laguneros" adopted in the present work, the name
THOiMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 39 Irritila having been selected by Orozco y Berra because it was given by Ribas and some other early writers as the name of one of the tribes or subtribes of the Laguneros. The principal region occupied by them lay about the lakes of the table-lands of Mapimi, of which the most important was the Laguna de Parras (or San Pedro). The brief statement by Ribas (669) in regard to location is given in the note below/ where it is seen that he almost confines them to the region about the Laguna de San Pedro. The southwestern boundary of the area appears to be approximately determined by another statement of the same author (673), that Cuencame, a pueblo on the Rio Nazas, 8 leagues southwest of the lake, was peopled by Zacatecos. On the other hand, however, it is uncertain what languages were spoken by the Laguneros and what were their affinities. The author last quoted indicates that at the founding of the Parras mission by Father Juan Agustin the Zacatec language was used, at least in part. He states, however, in the chapter following, that Zacatecos came to the mission and joined those of the locality. In chapter x he refers to the "Iri tiles" as one of the several '^naciones" of the Laguna, and speaks of a "cacique de los que llamaua Litilas." Alegre (i, 380) says the people along the Nazas river and about the lake spoke rudely ("groseramente") the Mexican language (about the year 1600). In another place (i, 416) he mentions, as in this region, the Ochoes, a ferocious and inhuman people, and the Alamamas, a less barbarous people. The statement is made (Doc. Hist. Mex., 4th s., iii, 33, under the title ''Del Anua del aiio de 1596") that the Indians dwelling along the Nazas river were Zaca- tecos, but those at the ''Laguna " are referred to as of another ' 'gente," the name of wliich is not given. The same volume (54) mentions Irritila and Mexicana as languages spoken, the former being the idiom proper to that particular locality. On a following page (58) are mentioned the following "naciones" as coming from the surrounding country to join the Irritila in their religious festivities—Mio- pacoas, Meviras, Hoeras, and Maiconeras, and as coming from the lake, the Paogas and Caviseras, Vassapalles and Ahomamas, and the Yanabopos and Daparabopos (mentioned in pairs, as named here). However, it is not at all likely that these were all tribes or even subtribes, but mere bands, hence this reference can not be accepted as indicative of so many different idioms. It is evident, therefore, that the data regarding the tribes of the region marked off by Orozco y Berra, under the name Irritila, are not sufficient to justify any decided conclusion regarding their lin- 1 Y de los que noljran Laguneros, poblados k las margenes de la laguna que llaman Grande de san Pedro, y algunos deilos en las isletas que haze la misma laguna. A la eabegera desta doctrina, y Mission, dieron los Espanoles nombre de Parras.
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