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THOMAS] INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 43
He adds, however, that they did not all use the same idiom, and that
those who wandered in the lands of the Zacatecas and the Aguas-
calientes took in common the name "Teules Chichimecas," but that
they were divided into factions having particular idioms. Of these
he mentions the Cazcan, Tepecano (who, however, as already shown,
were probably connected with the Cora), and Tecuexe. Orozco y
Berra considered Zacateco a dialect of his Mexican©. He seems to
include also the Guachichile among the Chichimeca, although speaking
a distinct language (1 : 285). The Indians of Aguascalientes he
denominates " Chichimecas Blancos," but is not aware that they bore
any relation to the Guachichile, though inclined to the belief that they
were related to the Otomi (1 : 286).
Speaking of the Indians of Queretaro (1 : 261), and basing his conclusion
on a manuscript of 1582, Orozco y Berra says the Chichimeca
of this region were of the Otomi family. The Chichimeca of Jalisco
(next to the borders of Guanajuato) are believed by him to have been
Chichimecas-Blancos, hence of the Otomi family (1 : 278). Sahagun
(656) says the true name of the Tolteca was Chichimeca. A little
farther on, in the same chapter, he states that the Chichimeca form
three groups—the Otomi, the Tamime, and the Teo-Chichimeca. He
considers the last two of the same "race" and the more barbarous
in their customs and mode of life, and states that those who mingle
with the Mexicanos, or Nahua, speak Mexican as well as their own
tongue, and those mingling with the Otomi and the Huasteca speak
the languages of those tribes as well as they do their own.
Hervas (298) says that north of the Otomi were the Chichimecas who
did not speak the Mexican language. Perez de Ribas (lib. 12, cap. 2)
refers to their location as north of the City of Mexico, of their wild and
barbarous habits, and of their division into numerous tribes speaking
various languages, but gives no particulars in regard to these idioms.
The following information with regard to them is given by Villa-
Senor y Sanchez (ii, lib. 3, cap. 3). At Zelaya, or in its jurisdiction
there were "2,650 families" of the nation Otomi, descendants of the
Chichimeca, who peopled these parts before the Conquest. Again
(ii, lib. 3, cap. 9), referring to San Luis Potosi, this author says
it was on the frontiers of the Chichimeca. He states also in the same
chapter that some of these Indians were converted at the mission
near the pueblo of Santa Catarina Martyrs de Rio Verde. This indi-
cates that the name Chichimecas was still actually applied in his
day (1746). In the same work (ii, lib. 3, cap. 10) he estimates the
Indians of the jurisdiction of San Pedro Guadalcazar at about 2,000
families, all Chichimeca, some of whom had accepted the holy faith,
and the various connected districts at 3,000 families, all Chichimeca.
He speaks in like manner of these Indians at other places, recognizing
them at that day as known by this name.