1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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3.3 – Utilising waste heat All existing mineralisation processes require significant amounts of energy (usually as heat) in order to achieve sufficient reaction kinetics and/or favourable thermodynamic circumstances. Especially those processes, where large amounts of low quality heat are required, could benefit from access to sources of waste heat. Such sources may be low quality steam or flue gas from the very power plant the CO2 would be extracted from. In the relative vicinity of Pori (at ~ 60 km to the south), the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant is located, which produces large amounts of waste heat. Presently this waste heat is rejected into the sea as 29500 kg/s of cooling water used to condense low quality steam at a temperature of around 200 °C, from each of the two reactors already in operation. The heat carried off with the cooling water amounts to approximately 1600 MW per reactor. A fraction of that waste heat would be enough to carbonate all the CO2 emissions from the Meri-Pori power plant [34]. Unit 3 is under construction, for operation in 2014 to generate 2700 MW waste heat besides 1600 MW electricity. The ÅA mineralisation process requires heat at above 400 °C. But even with a heat source of a lower than required temperature, significant savings could be achieved using a heat pump. This, of course, would require that the mineralisation could be performed close to the heat source. 4. Mineral resources and characterisation 4.1 – The rock resources considered suitable Finland has large amounts of serpentine available. The suitability of any given mining site as a source of mineral for carbonation depends on the magnesium (and calcium) contents of the rock. In addition, the distance from the power plant and total amount of rock, as well as possible nearby sources of waste heat are of importance. Many mines in relative proximity to Meri-Pori are in operation or have previously been in operation producing large amounts of serpentinite as mine tailings and overburden. Table 2 presents a shortlist of sites with their respective rock compositions. Table 2. Composition (as oxides) of the Finnish rock considered for mineralisation Location MgO %-wt CaO %-wt *Fe2O3 %-wt SiO2 %-wt Al2O3 %-wt Other %-wt Suomusjärvi 16.2 8.6 11.4 47.6 10 6.2 Hyvinkää / Mäntsälä** 9.8 11.4 13.2 45.9 13.6 6.1 Lammi / Asikkala** 4.9 6.8 8.0 58.0 15.6 6.7 Kaipola / 7.2 Kuhmoinen** 7.5 7.7 55.2 14.9 7.5 Vammala 14.5 5.6 12.5 49.5 8.8 9.1 Hitura 38.1 0.5 14.8 32.6 0.4 13.6 * Calculated, presumably a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3, partly (?) Fe3O4. ** Not a mining site The Suomusjärvi and Vammala rock and, for comparison with a “better” material, the Hitura nickel mine mining tailings are central for this work – see the locations of these in Fig. 1. The other southern-Finland rock types (Hyvinkää, Lammi and Kaipola) won’t be further addressed here [35]. For the work reported here the materials and chemical compositions as given in Table 3 are used. Table 3. Composition (as oxides) of the Finnish rocks for mineralisation as tested 89
Working names MgO %-wt CaO %-wt *Fe2O3 %-wt SiO2 %-wt Al2O3 %-wt Other %-wt Hitura # 36.2 0.5 14.4 24.8
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
Page 66 and 67: K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
Page 68 and 69: Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
Page 70 and 71: Calculated optimal compressor press
Page 72 and 73: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 74 and 75: The net amount of the flue gas leav
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
Page 78 and 79: Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
Page 80 and 81: points efficiency increase related
Page 82 and 83: Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
Page 84 and 85: Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
Page 86 and 87: Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
Page 88 and 89: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 90 and 91: 2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
Page 92 and 93: these factors. A sensitivity analys
Page 94 and 95: methane slip contributes to 13% of
Page 96 and 97: As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
Page 98 and 99: References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
Page 100 and 101: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 102 and 103: in which CO2 is separated from H2,
Page 104 and 105: dimensions of water droplets and wa
Page 106 and 107: Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Page 108 and 109: 4. Conclusions In the present paper
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Page 114 and 115: 0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
Page 118 and 119: 4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
Page 120 and 121: material will change from a few % t
Page 122 and 123: Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
Page 124 and 125: 8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
Page 128 and 129: [13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
Page 132 and 133: HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
Page 134: (raw) materials pre-heating and AS
Page 137 and 138: Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
Page 139 and 140: Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
Page 141 and 142: the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
Page 145 and 146: moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
Page 147 and 148: 2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
Page 149 and 150: The CO2 emission factor which indic
Page 151 and 152: The CO2 emission factor calculated
Page 153 and 154: Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
Page 155 and 156: (b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
Page 157 and 158: Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
Page 159 and 160: References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
Page 161 and 162: with a CC installation could be avo
Page 163 and 164: 2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
Page 165 and 166: 3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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