1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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[26] Perry S, Klemeš J, Bulatov I. Integrating waste and renewable energy to reduce the carbon footprint of locally integrated energy sectors. Energy 2008; 33: 1489-1497. [27] Varbanov PS, Klemeš JJ. Integration and management of renewables into Total Sites with variable supply and demand. Computers and Chemical Engineering 2011; 35: 1815 – 1826. 313
PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON EFFICIENCY, COST, OPTIMIZATION, SIMULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS JUNE 26-29, 2012, PERUGIA, ITALY Methodology for the Improvement of Large District Heating Networks Anna Volkova a , Vladislav Mashatin b , Aleksander Hlebnikov c and Andres Siirde d Abstract: a Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, anna.volkova@ttu.ee, CA b Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, vladislav.mashatin@dalkia.ee c Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, aleksandr.hlebnikov@ttu.ee d Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, andres.siirde@ttu.ee The purpose of this paper is to offer a methodology for the evaluation of large district heating networks. The methodology includes an analysis of heat generation and distribution based on the models created in the TERMIS and EnergyPro environment. For the approbation of proposed methodology the data on large-scale Tallinn district heating system was used as a basis of case study. The effective operation of district heating system, both at the stage of heat generation and heat distribution, can reduce the cost and price of heat supplied to the consumers. It can become an important factor for increasing the number of district heating consumers and demand for the heat load, which in turn will allow installing new cogeneration plants, using renewable energy sources and heat pump technologies. Keywords: District heating, DH, energy efficiency, energy systems, simulation, pipes, cogeneration 1. Introduction The properly operating district heating systems can provide possible improvement of energy efficiency, reduce emissions, improve energy security and competitiveness and creating of new jobs. A district heating network includes the infrastructure for centralised heat production and distribution to the consumers for providing space heating and hot tap water in a wider area. The district heating system can be considered energy efficient and cost-effective only at optimal operation conditions and minimum heat loss. One of the actions mentioned in the EU strategy Energy 2020 is to increase the uptake of high efficiency district heating systems. A high efficiency district heating system can only be provided when efforts are concentrated on the whole energy chain, from energy production, via distribution, to final consumption [1]. There are more than 5000 district heating systems in Europe, currently supplying more than 9% of total European heat demand. District heating systems are mainly used in the northern European countries, such as Sweden and Finland [2]. As regards to Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the percentage of district-heated households is around 60-75%. The main advantages of district heating are efficiency, reliability and cleanness compared to the individual heating systems. Efficiency can be reached when heat is produced simultaneously with electricity in the cogeneration process. For larger heat generation units there are more options of flue gas cleaning available than for small scale boilers. District heating is a good solution for the areas with high population density and multiplied welling houses, because the investments per household can be reduced. Due to the fact that the connection to a single-family house is rather expensive, district heating is a less attractive solution for the countryside. 314
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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Page 291 and 292: 2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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Page 295 and 296: Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
Page 297 and 298: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 299 and 300: 1. Define the studied system (in th
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Page 305 and 306: Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Page 331 and 332: A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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Page 337 and 338: In the presented paper a framework
Page 339: [5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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Page 345 and 346: were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Page 349 and 350: 3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
Page 351 and 352: Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
Page 353 and 354: [13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
Page 355 and 356: Polygeneration is a term used to de
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Page 361 and 362: 6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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Page 367 and 368: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 369 and 370: gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
Page 371 and 372: the second reactor. In this unit, s
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Page 377 and 378: Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
Page 379 and 380: SDG has slight effect on the syngas
Page 381: [26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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