1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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of Norrbotten. The work was also co-funded by the Södra Foundation for Research, Development and Education. References [1] Eurostat. Energy, transport and environment indicators. Eurostat pocketbooks. Luxembourg, 2009. [2] CEPI. Key Statistics 2008 -European Pulp and Paper Industry. Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industries, 2009. [3] Costa A, Bakhtiari B, Schuster S, Paris J. Integration of absorption heat pumps in a Kraft pulp process for enhanced energy efficiency. Energy. 2009;34(3):254-60. [4] Costa A, Paris J, Towers M, Browne T. Economics of trigeneration in a kraft pulp mill for enhanced energy efficiency and reduced GHG emissions. Energy. 2007;32(4):474-81. [5] Consonni S, Katofsky RE, Larson ED. A gasification-based biorefinery for the pulp and paper industry. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2009;87(9):1293-317. [6] Jönsson J, Algehed J. Pathways to a sustainable European kraft pulp industry: Trade-offs between economy and CO2emissions for different technologies and system solutions. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2010;30(16):2315-25. [7] Marinova M, Mateos-Espejel E, Jemaa N, Paris J. Addressing the increased energy demand of a Kraft mill biorefinery: The hemicellulose extraction case. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2009;87(9):1269-75. [8] Olsson MR, Axelsson E, Berntsson T. Exporting lignin or power from heat-integrated kraft pulp mills: A technoeconomic comparison using model mills. Nordic Pulp and Paper Researsh Journal. 2006;21(4):476-84. [9] Jönsson J, Svensson I-L, Berntsson T, Moshfegh B. Excess heat from kraft pulp mills: Trade-offs between internal and external use in the case of Sweden--Part 2: Results for future energy market scenarios. Energy Policy. 2008;36(11):4186-97. [10] Andersson E, Harvey S. System analysis of hydrogen production from gasified black liquor. Energy. 2006;31(15):3426-34. [11] Axelsson E, Olsson MR, Berntsson T. Heat Integration Opportunities in Average Scandinavian Kraft Pulp Mills: Pinch Analysis of Model Mills. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. 2006;4(21):466-74. [12] Laaksometsä C, Axelsson E, Berntsson T, Lundström A. Energy savings combined with lignin extraction for production increase: Case study at a eucalyptus mill in Portugal. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2009;11(1):77-82. [13] Wising U, Berntsson T, Stuart P. The potential for energy savings when reducing the water consumption in a Kraft Pulp Mill. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2005;25(7):1057-66. [14] Axelsson E, Olsson MR, Berntsson T. Opportunities for process-integrated evaporation in a hardwood pulp mill and comparison with a softwood model mill study. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2008;28(16):2100-7. [15] CEPI. Annual Statistics 2007 -European Pulp and Paper Industry. Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industries, 2008. [16] Axelsson E, Olsson MR, Berntsson T. Increased capacity in kraft pulp mills: Lignin separation and reduced steam demand compared with recovery boiler upgrade. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. 2006;21(4):485-92. 285
[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Process Integration of Black Liquor Gasification for Incremental Recovery Capacity. Conference Process Integration of Black Liquor Gasification for Incremental Recovery Capacity, Whistler, B.C., Canada, June 11-14, 2001. [18] Jönsson J, Pettersson K, Harvey S, Berntsson T. Comparison of options for utilization of a potential steam surplus at kraft pulp mills – Economic performance and CO2 emissions. International Journal of Energy Reseach. Accepted for publication. [19] Karlsson M. The MIND method: A decision support for optimization of industrial energy systems - Principles and case studies. Applied Energy. 2011;88(3):577-89. [20] FRAM. FRAM Final report – Application area: Model mills and system analysis. FRAM report No 70, 2005. [21] Ekbom T, Berglin N, Lögdberg S. Black Liquor Gasification with Motor Fuel Production - BLGMF II Nykomb Synergetics, 2005. [22] KAM. Ecocyclic Pulp Mill -"KAM", Final Report 1996-2002. In: STFI, editor. KAMreport A100. Stockholm, 2003. [23] Berglin N, Lindblom M, Ekbom T. Preliminary economics of black liquor gasification with motor fuels production. Colloquium on Black Liquor Combustion and Gasification, Park City, Utah, May13-16, 2003. [24] Hektor E, Berntsson T. Future CO2 removal from pulp mills - Process integration consequences. Energy Conversion and Management. 2007;48(11):3025-33. [25] Bengtsson C. Novel Process Integration Opportunities in Existing Kraft Pulp Mills with Low Water Consumption. Göteborg: Chalmers University of Technology, 2004. [26] Axelsson E, Harvey S. Scenarios for assessing profitability and carbon balances of energy investments in industry. AGS Pathways report 2010:EU1. Göteborg, Sweden: AGS, The alliance for global sustainability. Pathways to sustainable european energy systems, 2010. 286
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Page 269 and 270: Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
Page 271 and 272: 2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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Page 275 and 276: Table A2. Extraction equations and
Page 277 and 278: [13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
Page 279 and 280: In the area of coal technologies al
Page 281 and 282: Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
Page 283 and 284: N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Page 289 and 290: 1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
Page 291 and 292: 2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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Page 295 and 296: Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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Page 299 and 300: 1. Define the studied system (in th
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Page 305 and 306: Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Page 317 and 318: 2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
Page 319 and 320: 3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Page 323 and 324: Application of the approach led to
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Page 329 and 330: 2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
Page 331 and 332: A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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Page 335 and 336: cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
Page 337 and 338: In the presented paper a framework
Page 339 and 340: [5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
Page 341 and 342: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 343 and 344: district energy network simulation
Page 345 and 346: were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Page 349 and 350: 3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
Page 351 and 352: Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
Page 353 and 354: [13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
Page 355 and 356: Polygeneration is a term used to de
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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