1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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The results of the TCA analyses are shown in figure 10. The correlation coefficient shows a good relationship between the observed and calculated values. However, the accuracy of the TCA results were found to be lower than those for AD (see table 4). Fig. 8. CO2 (%) in synthetic standards measured by TCA. 4. Conclusions The accurate measurement of bound carbon dioxide in reactive materials, including wastes, is important for the purposes of assessing Carbon Capture and Storage. Municipal incineration APC residues are mineralogically complex materials. XRD and TGA-DTA have identified the presence of calcium-bearing minerals e.g. lime, portlandite, calcium hydroxide-chloride and calcium carbonate. Since different reaction mechanisms and carbonation pathways can be involved, the accurate measurement of imbibed carbon dioxide becomes challenging. APCrs subjected to accelerated carbonation show a decrease in the minimum temperature and a broadening of the range at which calcium carbonate decomposes. TGA-DTA analyses have shown that calcium carbonate decomposition starts at temperatures lower than 500°C for treated APCr, at which point overlap with thermal events associated with calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide chloride occurs. Consequently, this has a significant effect upon the measured values obtained with thermo-gravimetric methods using fixed temperature ranges. Among the tested methods, acid digestion has been shown to have good precision and a linear correlation between measured and calculated CO2 contents. Total carbon analysis measurements show a good linear correlation with calculated results, but overall accuracy is lower while loss on ignition was found to be unreliable due to different thermal behaviour between APC residues before and after carbonation. Obtained CO2 uptake values, corrected for the mass balance (input/output) of the carbonation process, can be integrated during the operational life of the plant through a continuous monitoring process. This gives the opportunity of monitoring the total amount of CO2 sequestered and the related amount of potential carbon credits. References 215
[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Simons, C.D. Hills, P.J. Carey, A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of CO2, Journal of Hazardous Materials 2004;B112:193–205 [2] Peter J. Gunning, Colin D. Hills, Paula J. Carey, Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes, Waste Management 2010;30:1081–1090. [3] M. Fernández-Bertos, X. Li, S. J. R. Simons, C. D. Hills and P. J. Carey, Investigation of accelerated carbonation for the stabilisation of MSW incinerator ashes and the sequestration of CO2, Green Chem. 2004;6:428-436. [4] D. Amutha Rani, A.R. Boccaccini, D. Deegan, C.R. Cheeseman, Air pollution control residues from waste incineration: Current UK situation and assessment of alternative technologies, Waste Management 2008;28:2279–2292 [5] E.-E. Chang, Shu-Yuan Pan, Yi-Hung Chen, Hsiao-Wen Chu, Chu-Fang Wang, Pen-Chi Chiang (2011), CO2 sequestration by carbonation of steelmaking slags in an autoclave reactor, Journal of Hazardous Materials 2011;186(1):558-564. [6] Renato Baciocchi, Andrea Corti, Giulia Costa, Lidia Lombardi, Daniela Zingaretti, Storage of carbon dioxide captured in a pilot-scale biogas upgrading plant by accelerated carbonation of industrial residues, Energy Procedia 2011;4:4985–4992. [7] Valentina Prigiobbe, Alessandra Polettini, Renato Baciocchi, Gas–solid carbonation kinetics of Air Pollution Control residues for CO2 storage, Chemical Engineering Journal 2009;148:270– 278. [8] F. Bodenan, Ph. Deniard, Characterization of flue gas cleaning residues from European solid waste incinerators: assessment of various Ca-based sorbent processes, Chemosphere 2003;51:335–347. [9] T. Van Gerven, D. Geysen, L. Stoffels, M. Jaspers, G. Wauters, C. Vandecasteele, Management of incinerator residues in Flanders (Belgium) and in neighbouring countries. Waste Management 2005;25:75–87 [10] EUROPA- the official web site of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Communities. Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament available at: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0063:0087:en:PDF. [accessed 24.01.2012]. [11] UNFCCC, CMP 6 - Cancun: Carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations as clean development mechanism project activities http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_16/application/pdf/cop16_cmp_ccs.pdf . [accessed 24.01.2012]. [12] G. Cappai, S.Cara, A.Muntoni, M.Piredda, Application of accelerated carbonation on MSW combustion APC residues for metal immobilization and CO2 sequestration. Journal of Hazardous Materials Article in Press (2011). [13] R. Baciocchi, G. Costa, E. Di Bartolomeo, A. Polettini, R. Pomi, Comparison of different process routes for stainless steel slag carbonation. Energy Procedia 2009;1:4851–4858 [14] Deborah N. Huntzinger, John S. Gierke, Lawrence L. Sutter, S. Komar Kawatra, Timothy C. Eisele, Mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration in cement kiln dust from waste piles. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009;168:31–37. [15] V. Morales-Flórez, A. Santos, A. Lemus, L. Esquivias, Artificial weathering pools of calcium-rich industrial waste for CO2 sequestration, Chemical Engineering Journal 2011;166:132–137. [16] Xiaomin Li, Marta Fernandez Bertos, Colin D. Hills, Paula J. Carey, Stef Simon, Accelerated carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes Waste Management 2007;27:1200–1206 216
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
Page 191 and 192: As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
Page 193 and 194: 4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
Page 195 and 196: [19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
Page 197 and 198: investigation and the developing of
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Page 201 and 202: hydrogen combustion technology at d
Page 203 and 204: eversibility of a pre-treated synth
Page 205 and 206: Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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Page 211 and 212: CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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Page 217 and 218: 4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
Page 219 and 220: Concerning the absorption reaction,
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Page 223 and 224: [25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
Page 225 and 226: systems for fuel drying waste strea
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Page 231 and 232: Acknowledgements The results presen
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Page 235 and 236: N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
Page 237 and 238: DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
Page 239 and 240: Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
Page 241: CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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Page 247 and 248: 2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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Page 253 and 254: Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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Page 261 and 262: Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Page 269 and 270: Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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Page 275 and 276: Table A2. Extraction equations and
Page 277 and 278: [13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
Page 279 and 280: In the area of coal technologies al
Page 281 and 282: Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
Page 283 and 284: N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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