1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe. Liébard A., Editor; 2010. Technical report: 10 th EurOberv’ER Report. [2] Petersson A., Wellinger A., Biogas upgrading technologies – developments and innovations. IEA Bioenergy; 2009 Oct. [3] Lems R., Dirkse E., Making pressurized water scrubbing the ultimate biogas upgrading technology with the DMT TS-PWS system. DMT Dirkse Milieutechniek Environmental Technology. 2009. [4] Baciocchi R., Corti A., Costa G., Lombardi L., Zingaretti D., Storage of carbon dioxide captured in pilot-scale biogas upgrading plant by accelerated carbonation of industrial residues. Energy Procedia 2011; 4: 4985-4992. [5] Baciocchi R., Costa G., Faraoni G., Lombardi L., Olivieri T., and Zingaretti D., Pilot-Scale Carbonation of APC Residues for CO2 Storage and Alkali Regeneration Downstream and Absorption Column. Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium; 2011 Oct 3-7; Cagliari, Italy. [6] Mostbauer P., Lenz S., Upgrading of lean landfill gas using MSWI bottom ash. Proceedings of Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium; 2007 Oct 1-5; Sardinia, Italy. CISA publisher. [7] Olivieri T., Lombardi L., Mostbauer P., Demonstration Scale Upgrading of Landfill Gas with the Use of Bottom Ash –BABIU Process Design and Preliminary Results. Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium; 2011 Oct 3-7; Cagliari, Italy. [8] Gabarrell X., Font M., Vicent T., Caminal G., Sarra M., Blanquez P., A comparative life cycle assessment of two treatment technologies for Grey Lanaset G textile dye : biodegradation by Trametes versicolor and granular activated carbon adsorption. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2012. In press. [9] ISO 14040 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework. 2006. [10] Starr K., Gabarrell X., Villalba G., Talens L., Lombardi L., Life cycle assessment of biogas upgrading technologies. Waste Management 2012; 32(5): 991-9. [11] Swiss Center for Life Cycle Inventories. Ecoinvent Data, The Life Cycle Inventory Data. Version 2.2. 2010 [12] PE international, PE international database. Extensions: Ib Inorganic Intermediates, XIV Construction Materials. Last updated: 2010 [13] MT- BIOMETHAN. Gas Treatments, Efficiency - Available at: [accessed 02.12.2010] [14] Badger G., Zach C., Biogasaufbereitungssysteme zur Einspeisung in das Erdgasnetz - ein Praxisvergleich. Munich, Germany: BASE Technologies GmbH, Fraunhofer-Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits- und Energietechnik, Bavarian Association for the Promotion of Solar Energy; 2008 Technical Report No: 02 [15] Pertl A., Mostbauer P., Obersteiner G. Climate balance of biogas upgrading systems. Waste Manage. 2010; 30:92-99. [16] Urban, W., Biogas upgrading to pipeline quality - technology and costs. Presentation at Connecting Clean Mobility conference; 2007 Nov 14-15; Arnhem, Netherlands. [17] Bekkering J., Broekhuis A.A., van Gemert W.J.T., Optimisation of a green gas supply chain – A review. Bioresour. Technol. 2010; 101; 450-456. [18] de Arespacochaga N., Bouchy L., Cortina J., Larrotcha E., Sanchez M., Peregrina C., Sewage biogas to biomethane for grid injection: challenges and opportunities in Europe. ORBIT 2010 (Organic Resources for the Carbon Economy) Conference; 2010 Jun 29 –Jul 3; Crete, Greece. 71
[19] Olivieri, T., Lombardi, L., Costa, G., Upgas environmental assessment forms. 2010, personal communications. [20] Mostbauer, P., BABIU LCI data. 2010, personal communications. [21] Rowntree, S., High pressure water scrubber - request for information, GreenLane Biogas. 2010, personal communications. [22] Kruit, J., PWS - Request for information, DMT Dirkse Milieutechniek Environmental Technology. 2010, personal communications. [23] Bailey D.W., Feron P.H.M., Post-combustion Decarbonisation Process. Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP 2005; 60:461-474. [24] Beil M., Beyrich W., Holzhammer U., Krause T. BIOMETHAN. Fraunhofer-Institut für Windenergie und Energiesystemtechnik IWES/ Bereich Bioenergie-Systemtechnik. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR). Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany. 2012 [25] de Hull J., Maassen J.I.W., van Meel P.A., Shazad S., Vaessen J.M.P., Comparing different biogas upgrading techniques. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Eindhoven <strong>University</strong> of Technology and DMT Dirkse Milieutechniek; 2008 Jul 3. [26] Guinée J.B., Gorrée M., Heijungs R., Huppes G., Kleijn R., Koning A.d., Oers L.v., Wegener Sleeswijk A., Suh S., Udo de Haes H.A., Bruijn H.d., Duin R.v., Huijbregts M.A.J., Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment. Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2002. [27] Farreny R., Huella de carbono del sector residuos panel de control / escenario actual. Inèdit Innovació per la sostenibilitat. 2011 Nov, Personal Communications. [28] Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino, Perfil Ambiental de España 2010. Ch 2.7 Residuos. Gobierno de España. 2010; Spain. Technical report: 770-11-221-7 [29] Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Encuesta sobre recogida y tratamiento de residuos. Residuos urbanos. 2008; Madrid, Spain. [accessed 22.1<strong>1.</strong>2011] [30] Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad en España, Sostenibilidad en España, 2010. Capítulo 13. Residuos urbanos. 2010; Spain. Technical Report: 770-10-275-3 [31] Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino, Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos (PNIR). Gobierno de España. 2008 Dec; Spain. [32] Vicent T. 2011 Nov 18, Personal Communications. [33] USEPA, LandGEM- Landfill gas Emissions Model, Version 3.02. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management and Research Laboratory, and Clean Air technology Center. 2005 May. [34] Tersa (Tractament i selecció de residus), Memoria 2008 Anexos. Datos de producción. 2009; Barcelona 72
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
Page 48 and 49: However, even under the off-design
Page 50 and 51: Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
Page 52 and 53: CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
Page 54 and 55: Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
Page 56 and 57: Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
Page 58 and 59: 28.67%. In addition, through heat i
Page 60 and 61: Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
Page 62 and 63: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 64 and 65: Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
Page 66 and 67: K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
Page 68 and 69: Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
Page 70 and 71: Calculated optimal compressor press
Page 72 and 73: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 74 and 75: The net amount of the flue gas leav
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
Page 78 and 79: Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
Page 80 and 81: points efficiency increase related
Page 82 and 83: Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
Page 84 and 85: Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
Page 86 and 87: Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
Page 90 and 91: 2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
Page 92 and 93: these factors. A sensitivity analys
Page 94 and 95: methane slip contributes to 13% of
Page 96 and 97: As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
Page 100 and 101: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 102 and 103: in which CO2 is separated from H2,
Page 104 and 105: dimensions of water droplets and wa
Page 106 and 107: Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Page 108 and 109: 4. Conclusions In the present paper
Page 112 and 113: penalty, but without separate captu
Page 114 and 115: 0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
Page 116 and 117: 3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
Page 118 and 119: 4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
Page 120 and 121: material will change from a few % t
Page 122 and 123: Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
Page 124 and 125: 8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
Page 128 and 129: [13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
Page 132 and 133: HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
Page 134: (raw) materials pre-heating and AS
Page 137 and 138: Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
Page 139 and 140: Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
Page 141 and 142: the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
Page 145 and 146: moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
Page 147 and 148: 2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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