1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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2.2. Synthetic standards To test the accuracy of the three methods, ten synthetic standards (STD1-10) representative of the mineralogical composition of APCr were formulated. Analytical grade reagents; calcium carbonate (CaCO3), portlandite (Ca(OH)2), lime (CaO), anhydrite (CaSO4), gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), bassanite (CaSO4.0.5H2O), halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl) and quartz (SiO2) were combined according to Table 1. The produced synthetic standards were stored in a desiccated environment to avoid possible alteration due to atmospheric humidity. STD1 to STD4 were formulated with a high percentage of reactive calcium phases (portlandite and lime) and a low content of calcium carbonate, simulating the composition of an untreated APCr. Other standards (STD7, STD9 and STD10) were formulated without reactive calcium species and with higher percentage of calcium carbonate, simulating the composition of a carbonated APCr. The influence of the other phases including gypsum and anhydrite were also investigated. Table 1. Percentage mineralogical composition of synthetic standards Standard ID CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 CaO CaSO4 CaSO4 .2H2O CaSO4 .0.5H2O NaCl KCl SiO2 (Calcite) (Portlandite) (Lime) (Anhydrite) Gypsum Bassanite Halite Sylvite Quartz STD1 0.2 - 20.8 6.5 14.1 14.9 22.3 6.1 15.1 STD2 14.1 21.9 10.4 18.8 - - 20.0 9.9 5.0 STD3 20.7 37.2 - - 10.0 - 15.9 5.6 10.6 STD4 20.6 24.4 - 6.5 - 6.2 31.8 10.5 - STD5 24.7 5.0 - - - 9.5 14.6 17.1 29.3 STD6 40.0 6.9 9.9 5.4 3.9 17.1 4.9 9.2 2.7 STD7 36.1 - - 4.5 - 14.8 26.9 17.8 - STD8 50.9 4.3 5.1 4.0 15.9 19.8 - - - STD9 51.3 - - 8.2 5.3 10.1 14.9 10.2 - STD10 55.6 - - 19.9 - - 14.6 - 9.9 The synthetic standards were tested using the three methods to assess their carbon dioxide content [CO2 (%)]. All tests were conducted in triplicate for each material. The carbon dioxide uptake [CO2,uptake (%)] can be calculated as difference between carbon dioxide content of treated sample [CO2,treated (%)] minus the carbon dioxide content of untreated sample [CO2,untreated (%)] according to eq. (1). CO CO (%) CO (%) (1) 2, uptake(%) 2, treated 2, untreateted A validation process was carried out. Carbon dioxide content [CO2(%)] in synthetic standards was measured and compared with the expected values. The accuracy and precision of the methods was evaluated. Equation (2) was used to assess the relative error of mean ( REm) [19]: RE m Z T (2) T where Z is the analytical result and T is the calculated true value. Precision was assessed by sample standard error of the mean ( SEm) (3), where is the standard deviation according to (4), n is the number of measurements and xi are the observed value for the sample and xm is the mean value of these measurements: SE m (3) n 207
N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbonation measuring methods Three different experimental methods were used to assess the CO2 content of the synthetic standards. These are summarised in figure 1. Acid Digestion 5 grams of material 20 ml of HCl 37% Acid – sample reaction (30 min) Weight Loss detemination Sample grinding Sample drying (105 °C) Loss on Ignition 760 / 980 °C Total CarbonAnalysis 10 grams of material Thermal treatment (2 hours at 550 °C) Weight Loss detemination Thermal treatment (2 hours at 760 / 980 °C) Weight Loss detemination Fig. 1. Experimental methods 208 150 milligrams of material (4) CO 2 determination by IR analizer (5 min) 2.3.1. Loss on ignition (LOI) About 10 grams of
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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Page 187 and 188: 3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Page 231 and 232: Acknowledgements The results presen
Page 233: large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
Page 237 and 238: DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
Page 239 and 240: Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
Page 241 and 242: CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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Page 247 and 248: 2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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Page 253 and 254: Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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Page 275 and 276: Table A2. Extraction equations and
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Page 281 and 282: Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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