1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulphate (right) conversion using serpentinite-derived Mg(OH)2 as a function of temperature at 25 bar and PO 2 = 4·PSO 2 in dry CO2. For reference purposes, the results using DSP-Mg(OH)2 at similar conditions (500 and 1 000 ppmv SO2) have also been included. 9. Conclusions A study was made on the application of CO2 mineral carbonation for the sequestration of CO2 from the Meri-Pori power plant in Finland, after a plan for “convential” CCS, (or rather CCE, carbon capture and export, to Norway/Denmark) was cancelled. Serpentinite rock at Hitura, a nickel mine at ~ 300 km from Meri-Pori would be useful, with good and well-defined process chemistry and energy efficiency, and is available in much more than sufficient amounts. Serpentinite rock available at a shorter distance of ~70-80 km at Vammala appears to be available in a reasonably sufficient amount but the production of Mg(OH)2 for subsequent carbonation must be improved before it can be considered. Still more improvement and R&D work is needed on olivine-containing dunites (>90% olivine), peridotites (60-100% olivine) and olivine diabase – type rock: the latter is available in the immediate surroundings of the Meri-Pori power plant but the Mg(OH)2 production method isn’t (so far) able to extract more than a few % of the materials Mg content, which is also much lower than for the serpentinites considered. Also the possibility to co-capture SO2 and CO2 was evaluated. It was found that the reactivity of Mg(OH)2 towards SO2 in the presence of CO2 at pressurised conditions is significant even under low SO2 partial pressures. As a consequence, the possibility to replace a conventional flue gas desulphurisation unit with a combined CO2 and SO2 scrubber could be considered. However, in order to be more conclusive, additional experiments are required. Acknowledgments This work was supported by KH Renlund’s Foundation funding 2010 for project “Large scale CO2 mineralisation in Finland: broadening the mineral resources horizon". Vilija Vaijegaite and Agne Babarskaite, visiting from Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania, are acknowledged for the experimental work on the Vammala and Suomusjärvi rocks. Experience Nduagu and Inês Romão of ÅA are acknowledged for comments and feedback. The authors would also like to acknowledge Nordkalk and in particular Thomas Nyberg for the analysis of carbonated/sulphated samples. Nomenclature AS ammonium sulphate Ex exergy, J or W H enthalpy, J/mol 99
m mass, kg P power, J or W Q heat, J or W t time, year T remperature, °C or K X degree of conversion, - y year Y %-vol CO2 in flue gas difference Subscripts and superscripts C Carbonation E Extraction (of Mg) Mg(OH)2carb Mg(OH)2 carbonation Mg(OH)2prod Mg(OH)2 production site rock deposit site References [1] Fortum and Polish PGE cooperate on CCS technology. Carbon Capture and Storage Journal, on-line version, April 17, 2009, Available at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] [2] Siemens, Fortum and TVO cooperate on Finnish project. Carbon Capture and Storage Journal, on-line version, October 23, 2009, Available at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] [3] Fortum, TVO and Maersk join for Finnish project. Carbon Capture and Storage Journal, on-line version, October 23, 2009, Available at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] [4] Fortum scraps CCS project in Finland. Carbon Capture and Storage Journal, on-line version, November, 2010, Available at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] [5] Iso-Trykkäri, M., Meri-Pori CCS project. Presented at the ClimBus seminar on CCS, Espoo, Finland, Nov. 11, 2010. Avialable at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] [6] Koljonen, T., Siikavirta, H., Zevenhoven, R., Savolainen. I. CO2 capture, storage and reuse potential in Finland, Energy 2004; 29:1521-1527 [7] Teir, S. et al. Potential for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the Nordic region, VTT Research notes 2556, 2010 (223 p). Available at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] [8] Shogenova, A. Insight into storage of CO2. Presentation at the Cleen CCSP kick-off seminar, Espoo, Finland, Sept. 6, 2011. [9] Aatos S., Sorjonen-Ward, P., Kontinen, A., Kuivasaari, T., Outlooks for utilisation of serpentine and serpentinite (in Finnish: Serpentiinin ja serpentiniitin hyötykäyttönäkymiä) Geological Survey of Finland (GSF), Report No. M10.1/2006/3, Kuopio, Finland (2006). [10] Teir, S., Aatos, S., Kontinen, A., Zevenhoven, R., Isomäki, O.-P. 2006. Silicate mineral carbonation as a possible sequestration method of carbon dioxide in Finland. (in Finnish, English summary): Silikaattimineraalien karbonoiminen hiilidioksidin loppusijoitus-menetelmänä Suomen oloissa) Materia 2006;63 (1):40-46. [11] Aatos, S., Kujanpää, L., Teir, S. CO2 capture and geological storage applications in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, 2011; Special Paper 49, 187-193 [12] Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. Available at: [Accessed: 25.1.2012] 100
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Page 100 and 101: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Page 108 and 109: 4. Conclusions In the present paper
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Page 118 and 119: 4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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Page 122 and 123: Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
Page 124 and 125: 8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Page 132 and 133: HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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Page 139 and 140: Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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Page 147 and 148: 2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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Page 153 and 154: Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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Page 157 and 158: Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
Page 159 and 160: References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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Page 163 and 164: 2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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Page 167 and 168: Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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Page 171 and 172: [5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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