1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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Abbreviations CCS Carbon Capture and Storage FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy PCC Precipitated Calcium Carbonate SEM/EDX Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Greek symbols difference energy dissipation, W/kgsolution viscosity, Pas; efficiency, % temperature, °C density, kg/m 3 Subscripts and superscripts in at inlet p particle References [1] IPCC, IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005. [2] Herzog, H., An Introduction to CO2 Separation and Capture Technologies, MIT Energy Laboratory, 1999. Available at: [accessed 27.1.2012]. [3] Teir, S., Fixation of carbon dioxide by producing carbonates from minerals and steelmaking slags. [Dissertation]. Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology; 2008. [4] Baciocchi, R., Costa, G., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Prigiobbe, V., Comparison of different reaction routes for carbonation of APC residues, Energy Procedia 2009;1: 4851-4858. [5] Velts, O., Uibu, M., Kallas, J., Kuusik, R., CO2 mineral trapping: Modeling of calcium carbonate precipitation in a semi-batch reactor. Energy Procedia 2011;4: 771-778. [6] Eloneva, S., Reduction of CO2 Emissions by Mineral Carbonation: Steelmaking Slags as Raw Material with a Pure Calcium Carbonate End Product. [Dissertation]. Espoo, Finland: Aalto University, School of Science and Technology; 2010. [7] Kodama, S., Nishimoto, T., Yamamoto, N., Yogo, K., Yamada, K., Development of a new pH-swing CO2 mineralization process with a recyclable reaction solution. Energy 2008;33: 776-784. [8] Eloneva, S., Teir, S., Savolahti, J., Fogelholm, C.-J., Zevenhoven, R., Co-utilization of CO2 and calcium silicate-rich slags for precipitated calcium carbonate production (Part II). In: Mirandola, A., Arnas, O., Lazzaretto, A., editors. ECOS 2007: Proceedings of the 20 th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems; 2007 Jun 25-28; Padova, Italy. Volume II:1389-1396. [9] Said, A., Eloneva, S., Fogelholm, C.-J., Mattila, H.-P., Zevenhoven, R., Process simulation of utilization CO2 and steelmaking slags to form Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC). In: ECOS 2009: Proceedings of the 22 nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems; 2009 Aug 31- Sep 3; Foz du Iguacu, Brazil. pp. 1261-1270. [10] Mattila, H.-P., Grigalinait, I., Zevenhoven, R., Chemical kinetics modeling and process parameter sensitivity for precipitated calcium carbonate production from steelmaking slags. Chem. Eng. J. 2012;192: 77-89. 231
[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental studies and process modeling of aqueous two-stage steel slag carbonation. M.Sc. Thesis. Turku, Finland: Åbo Akademi University; 2009. [12] Mattila, H.-P., Grigalinait, I., Said, A., Fogelholm, C.-J., Zevenhoven, R., Production of papermaking grade calcium carbonate from steelmaking slag – product quality and development of a larger scale process. Accepted to be presented at SCANMET IV conference, Luleå, Sweden, Jun 2012. [13] Eloneva, S., Mannisto, P., Said, A., Fogelholm, C.-J., Zevenhoven, R., Ammonium saltbased steelmaking slag carbonation: Precipitation of CaCO3 and ammonia losses assessment. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 2011;1(4): 305-311. [14] Wiklund, A., Sipilä, J., Eloneva, S., Zevenhoven, R., Assessment of Shell work on carbonation of calcium based materials. Åbo Akademi University, Heat Engineering Laboratory; 2008. Report. [15] Szargut, J., Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications. Southampton, UK: WIT Press; 2005. [16] Beek, W. J., Muttzall, K. M. K., van Heuven, J. W., Transport Phenomena, 2 nd edition. Guildford, UK: Biddles Ltd; 2000. [17] Kunitz, M., An empirical formula for the relation between viscosity of solution and volume of solute. J.Gen.Physiol. 1926, 9:715-25. [18] Davis, R. H., Gecol, H., Classification of concentrated suspensions using inclined settlers. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 1996; 22(3): 563-574. 232
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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Page 211 and 212: CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
Page 213 and 214: the way for biogas utilisation is t
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Page 217 and 218: 4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
Page 219 and 220: Concerning the absorption reaction,
Page 221 and 222: with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
Page 223 and 224: [25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
Page 225 and 226: systems for fuel drying waste strea
Page 227 and 228: heated in a heat exchanger placed i
Page 229 and 230: Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
Page 231 and 232: Acknowledgements The results presen
Page 233 and 234: large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
Page 235 and 236: N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
Page 237 and 238: DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
Page 239 and 240: Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
Page 241 and 242: CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
Page 243 and 244: [1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
Page 245 and 246: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 247 and 248: 2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
Page 249 and 250: to dissolve the chloride salts prec
Page 251 and 252: The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
Page 253 and 254: Table 6. Experimental conversions o
Page 255 and 256: p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
Page 257: Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
Page 261 and 262: Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
Page 267 and 268: Figure 4 shows that an increase in
Page 269 and 270: Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
Page 271 and 272: 2. Only cold utility is needed belo
Page 273 and 274: extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
Page 275 and 276: Table A2. Extraction equations and
Page 277 and 278: [13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
Page 279 and 280: In the area of coal technologies al
Page 281 and 282: Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
Page 283 and 284: N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
Page 285 and 286: Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
Page 287 and 288: [8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
Page 289 and 290: 1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
Page 291 and 292: 2. Numerical model The purpose of t
Page 293 and 294: -0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
Page 295 and 296: Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
Page 297 and 298: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 299 and 300: 1. Define the studied system (in th
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Page 303 and 304: limiting factor for the maximum siz
Page 305 and 306: Table 5. Key data for the four ener
Page 307 and 308: Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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