1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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of six X elements from the diopside material in absence of water. 113 extraction of six X elements from the diopside material in presence of water. Table 5 – Pros and cons of utilising serpentinite or diopside as raw materials in the ÅA CSM process. Availability Must be purchased (500 km away) Extraction temperature Reactivity Iron/Calcium/ Aluminium byproduct Mg(OH)2 product Serpentinite Diopside Available at the plant site ~400 – 440 °C ≥ 500°C making the use of waste heat questionable. Good reactivity (So far ~60 – 70 % of Mg extraction but with good potential for 80%) Low content of Al hydroxides Suitable for the steelmaking industry. ~0.5kgMg(OH)2/kg of serpentinite processed (89% Mg extraction) Crushing energy is ~12% of the exergy input (as electricity): 0.19MJ/kgCO2 captured AS recovery Final solution contains NH4 + , SO4 2- and water Very low reactivity (
the ÅA CSM route. The content of Mg and Ca in the material make it unsuitable for CO2 mineralisation in general because the large amounts of material needed will give rise to excessive crushing and grinding costs. The energy penalty on the district heating supply, which arises from CO2 capture, may be reduced by running this during low demand hours, for example during the summer. The same integration concept may be applied to other industries, making use of steam, at the right temperature, from a steam cycle of a power plant or some other nearby process which could supply most of the heat needed for CSM. Acknowledgements The authors want to acknowledge Cleen Ltd. and Tekes (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation) for their financial support for the research via the Cleen CCSP project (2011-2015) Nomenclature AS – Ammonium Sulphate CCS – Carbon Capture and Storage CSM – Carbon storage by Mineralisation D – Diopside E0 – Energy required for pulverisation [kWh/t] F – Size of feed particles [μm] MC – Mineral Carbonation PFB – <strong>Press</strong>urised Fluidised Bed (reactor) P – Size of the pulverized particles [μm] W – Water Wi– work index [kWh/t] X – Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, Na, K References [1] IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage B. Metz, O. Davidson, H. de Coninck, M. Loos, L. Meyer, Working Group III of the IPCC, Cambridge Univ. <strong>Press</strong> (2005) Available at: [2] Lackner, K.S., A guide to CO2 sequestration, Science Vol 300, 1677-1678, 13 June 2003 [3] Zevenhoven, R., Fagerlund, J., Songok, J.K. CO2 mineral sequestration - developments towards large-scale application. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology. 2011; 1:48-57 [4] Sipilä, J., Teir, S., Zevenhoven, R. Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation – Literature Review Update 2005-2007. Åbo Akademi Univ., Heat Engineering Lab. report VT 2008-1, Turku, Finland (2008). Available at: [5] Zevenhoven, R., Fagerlund, J., Songok, J.K. CO2 mineral sequestration - developments towards large-scale application. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology. 2011; 1:48-57 [6] Teir, S. Fixation of carbon dioxide by producing carbonations from minerals and steelmaking slags. PhD thesis, Helsinki Univerisity of Technology, Espoo Finland, 2008 [7] Eloneva, S., Teir, S., Revitzer, H., Salminen, J., Said, A., Fogelholm, C.-J., Zevenhoven, R. Reduction of CO2 emissions from steel plants by using steelmaking slags for production of marketable calcium carbonate. Steel Research International 2009; 80:415-421 114
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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Page 90 and 91: 2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
Page 92 and 93: these factors. A sensitivity analys
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Page 96 and 97: As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
Page 98 and 99: References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
Page 100 and 101: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
Page 102 and 103: in which CO2 is separated from H2,
Page 104 and 105: dimensions of water droplets and wa
Page 106 and 107: Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Page 108 and 109: 4. Conclusions In the present paper
Page 110 and 111: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 112 and 113: penalty, but without separate captu
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Page 116 and 117: 3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
Page 118 and 119: 4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
Page 120 and 121: material will change from a few % t
Page 122 and 123: Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
Page 124 and 125: 8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
Page 128 and 129: [13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
Page 132 and 133: HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
Page 134: (raw) materials pre-heating and AS
Page 137 and 138: Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
Page 139: Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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Page 147 and 148: 2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
Page 149 and 150: The CO2 emission factor which indic
Page 151 and 152: The CO2 emission factor calculated
Page 153 and 154: Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
Page 155 and 156: (b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
Page 157 and 158: Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
Page 159 and 160: References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
Page 161 and 162: with a CC installation could be avo
Page 163 and 164: 2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
Page 165 and 166: 3. Off-design calculations The main
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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Page 171 and 172: [5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
Page 177 and 178: a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
Page 179 and 180: The basis of comparison of each met
Page 181 and 182: Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
Page 183 and 184: However, more energy duty is requir
Page 187 and 188: 3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
Page 189 and 190: Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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