1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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6.2 Integration of energy storage technologies Energy storage systems will also be considered as utilities on the supply side and as dispatchable loads on the demand side. On-site energy storage technologies are included to compensate for the variable and intermitent characteristics of renewable energy sources. Integration of storage technologies into the energy supply optimization process may introduce less constraint into the resulting energy supply system, and consequently could lower energy supply cost, equivalent CO2 emissions, or both. Many of the technical challenges in reformulating the mathematical optimization procedures to accommodate intermittent and variable renewable energy supply utilities, may be reapplied in consideration of energy stores acting as energy supply components. 6.3 Part load operation of all technologies A common practice to facilitate the operation of a system is to consider that cogeneration modules operate at full load when in service. This study will go a step further by considering that energy balance data varies with load conditions for all technologies. As a consequence of considering part load operation, a more heterogeneous range of technologies may emerge in optimal solutions. 6.4 Consideration of work from prime movers as a new utility On mineral production sites, some processes that form part of the electricity base load fundamentally constitute a demand for energy in the form of work (Wde, Wgt, and Wge in Figure 5) , which could be met by the prime mover of a polygeneration system. Examples of the latter could include surface pumping, production of compressed air, and the running of main ventilation fans on surface. 6.5 Work in progress A database and models of the potentially installable equipment is currently being adapted through the addition of equipment with larger rating (commensurate with that needed for large industrial applications, such as mining). It contains investment, operation, performance and environmental information on each technology that may be considered. The latter informs Life Cycle Analysis that sets and coordinates criteria in the multiobjective optimization (economic/environmental trade-off). Energy demands are characterized for mine sites, and the collaborators will also supply data on the purchase/sale tariffs of the different utilities (when available). The exemplar consumer centers to be used in this extension are located in Northern Ontario (Canada), with energy demands varying seasonally and diurnally. The consumer centers are mineral productions operations that are connected to energy supply infrastructure and those that are not. 7. Closure This contribution outlines the priorities of investigation, development and demonstration of new concepts and technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce final consumption of primary energy in the mining sector, considering the life cycle holistically. Due to the energy-intensive nature of mining operations, energy is a significant component of total operating costs and a reduction in energy consumption may directly result in cost savings. It is expected that energy procurement costs will increase in the future adding to the incentive to effectively manage energy [12] in the sector. The analysis of thermal process integration has contributed to the improvement of the efficiency of cogeneration systems used in the industry sector, and its application to polygeneration systems with 335
thermal storage and possible support of renewable energies will reveal the most cost effective or low carbon configuration and operational strategy. Scenarios with substantial economic potential in which renewables are advantageous, alone or in combination with cogeneration systems have been identified, while a priori both are energy production systems that compete. The design techniques developed will facilitate the collaboration of equipment manufacturers in the development and commercialization of modular systems. The development of new products (modular systems) and the techniques involved will contribute to a greater competitiveness of the participating companies and, what is equally important, to decrease the energy costs of the consumer center. Although the research is applied and has a Canada focus, in terms of the case studies adopted, the work is of global scientific importance. The local dimension, even the specific industry focus, is just a way in which the relevance of the science will be demonstrated. Theoretical extensions (storage, renewables) are of generic applicability for all integration studies. The mining sector is just used as an example to drive and exemplify the methodological development process. Acknowledgments This work was developed within the framework of research projects Smart Underground Monitoring and Integrated Technologies for Deep Mining (SUMIT, funded by Ontario Research Fund for Research Excellence Funding - Round 5), Optimal Mine Site Energy Supply (OMSES, funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through an Industrial Research & Development Fellowship), and Low Carbon Mine Site Energy Initiatives (LOWCARB, funded by the Research Fund for Coal & Steel - European Commission). Thanks are extended to DeBeers Canada, Hearst Community, and the Ontario Geological Survey (unit of Ministry of Northern Development and Mines). References 1. NRC. Evolutionary and revolutionary technologies for mining. National Research Council, Committee on Technologies for the Mining Industries. Washington, U.S. 2001. 2. LIU, P.; GEORGIADIS, M. C.; PISTIKOPOULOS, E. N. Advances in Energy Systems Engineering. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., v. 50, n. 9, p. 4915–4926, 2011. 3. MILLAR, D. L. et al. Enabling advanced energy management practice for minerals operations. Montreal: Proceedings of the Annual Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Conference and Exhibition. 2011. 4. SERRA, L. M. et al. Polygeneration and efficient use of natural resources. Energy, v. 34, p. 575-586, 2009. 5. STUICKEL, J. J. Industrial and Commercial Cogeneration. Office of Technology Assessment Arquive, 1983. See also: . Accessed on: 11 Jan 2012. 6. ISO50001. Energy Management Systems - requirements with guidance. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Geneva. 2011. 7. MAGLORIE, P.; HETEU, T.; BOLLE, L. Economie d´énergie en trigénération. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, v. 41, p. 1151-1159, 2002. 8. CHICCO, G.; MANCARELLA, P. Distributed multi-generation: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 13, p. 535-551, 2007. 336
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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