1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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9. LOZANO, M. A.; CARVALHO, M.; SERRA, L. M. Allocation of economic costs in trigeneration systems at variable load conditions. Energy and Buildings, v. 43, n. 10, p. 2869-2881. 10. CARMEL, Y.; BEN-HAIM, Y. Info-gap robust-satisficing model of foraging behavior: do foragers optimize or satisfice? American Naturalist, v. 166, p. 633-641, 2005. 11. MCIVOR, A. Energy in Mining. Cleantech (special edition fuel cells), v. 5, p. 16-19, 2010. 12. EA. Energy efficiency & greenhouse gas reduction. Environment Australia, 2002. See also:: . Accessed on: 06 Jan 2012. 13. MAC. http://www.miningworks.mining.ca/miningworks/media_lib/documents/Facts_Figures_200 7_E.pdf. Mining Association of Canada - Facts & Figures. A report on the state of the Canadian Mining Industry., 2007. Acesso em: 5 jan. 2012. 14. NRC. Mining sector performance. Natural Resources Canada - Final report of the Federal, Provincial and Territorial social licence task group., 2010. See also:: . Accessed on: 05 jan. 2012. 15. NRC. Industrial energy prices and background indicators. Natural Resources Canada, 2010. See also: . Accessed on: 10 Jan 2012. 16. LEVESQUE, M. Understanding mine heat. M.A.Sc. dissertation (Natural Resources Engineering). School of Graduate Studies, Laurentian University. Sudbury, Canada, p. 140. 2011. 17. NORGATE, T.; HAQUEA, N. Energy and greenhouse gas impacts of mining and mineral processing operations. Journal of Cleaner Production., v. 18, p. 266-274, 2010. 18. FANG, H.; WU, J.; ZENG, C. Comparative study on efficiency performance of listed coal mining companies in China and the US. Energy Policy, v. 37, n. 12, p. 5140-5148, 2009. 19. CAPEHART, B.; TURNER, W. C.; KENNEDY, W. J. Guide to energy management. 5th edition. ed. [S.l.]: The Fairmont Press, 2005. 20. ABDELAZIZ, E. A.; SAIDUR, R.; MEKHILEF, S. A review on energy saving strategies in industrial sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews., v. 15, n. 1, p. 150-168, 2011. 21. INCO, V. Vale Inco Limited. 100 years of Clean Renewable Power. See also:: . Accessed on: 23 Jan 2012. 22. LARMOUR, A. Empowering remote communities. Northern Ontario Business, v. 27, n. 4, p. 9, 2007. 23. QURESHI, W. A.; NAIR, N. C.; FARID, M. M. Impact of energy storage in buildings on electricity demand side management. Energy Conversion and Management., v. 52, n. 5, p. 2110-2120, 2011. 24. UNIDO. Suply-side management. United Nations Industrial Development Organization - Sustainable energy regulation and policymaking for Africa. See also: . Accessed on: 10 Jan 2012. 25. MUDD, G. M. Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus 337
laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v. 38, n. 1-2, p. 9-26, 2010. 26. LIU, P.; GEROGIORGIS, D. I.; PISTIKOPOULOS, E. N. Modeling and optimization of polygeneration energy systems. Catalysis Today, v. 127, p. 347-359, 2007. 27. EUROPE, C. Deploying large-scale polygeneration in industry (D-PLOY), 2008. See also:: . Accessed on: 11 Jan 2012. 28. YOKOYAMA, R. et al. Development of a General-Purpose Optimal Operational Planning System for Energy Supply Plants. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, v. 16, p. 290- 296, 1994. 29. LOZANO, M. A.; RAMOS, J. C.; SERRA, L. M. Cost optimization of the design of CHCP. Energy , v. 35, n. 2, p. 794 - 805, 2010. 30. CARVALHO, M. Thermoeconomic and environmental analyses for the synthesis of polygeneration systems in the residential-commercial sector. Zaragoza: PhD thesis; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Spain, 2011. 31. CARVALHO, M.; LOZANO, M. A.; SERRA, L. M. Multicriteria synthesis of trigeneration systems considering economic and environmental aspects. Applied Energy, v. 91, n. 1, p. 245-254, 2012. 32. CARVALHO, M.; SERRA, L. M.; LOZANO, M. A. Optimal synthesis of trigeneration systems subject to environmental constraints. Energy, v. 36, n. 6, p. 3779-3790, 2011. 33. CARVALHO, M.; SERRA, L. M.; LOZANO, M. A. Geographic evaluation of trigeneration systems in the tertiary sector. Effect of climatic and electricity supply conditions. Energy, v. 36, n. 4, p. 1931-1939, 2011. 34. LOZANO, M. A. et al. Structure optimization of energy supply systems in tertiary sector buildings. Energy and Buildings, v. 41, n. 10, p. 1063-1075, 2009. 35. CORPORATION, C. T. Capstone product catalog, P0112 CAP11. Chatsworth, CA, U.S. 2010. 36. GROSSMANN, I. E.; CABALLERO, J. A.; YEOMANS, H. Advances in mathematical programming for the synthesis of process systems. Latin American Applied Research, v. 30, n. 4, p. 263-284, 2000. 37. TRAPANI, K.; MILLAR, D. L. Powering mines in the McFauls lake area using large scale arrays of floating PV panels. Proceedings of the Mining and Environment V Conference. Sudbury, Canada: 2011. 38. WUA, L.; KANEKOB, S.; MATSUOKAB, S. Dynamics of energy-related CO2 emissions in China during 1980 to 2002: The relative importance of energy supply-side and demand-side effects. Energy Policy, v. 34, n. 18, p. 3549–3572, 2006. 39. STRICKLAND, C.; NYBOER, J. Cogeneration Potential in Canada Phase 2. Natural Resources Canada. Ottawa. 2002. 40. MCKINSEY&CO. Reducing US greenhouse gas emissions: How much at what cost? McKinsey & Company, 2007. See also: . Accessed on: 11 Jan 2012. 41. IEA. Cogeneration and District Energy. International Energy Agency. Paris, p. 60. 2009. 42. HOUWING, M. et al. Uncertainties in the design and operation of distributed energy resources: The case of micro-CHP systems. Energy, v. 33, p. 1518-1536, 2008. 43. FISKEL, J. Designing Resilient, Sustainable Systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 338
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
Page 313 and 314: [17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Page 323 and 324: Application of the approach led to
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Page 331 and 332: A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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Page 337 and 338: In the presented paper a framework
Page 339 and 340: [5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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Page 343 and 344: district energy network simulation
Page 345 and 346: were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Page 349 and 350: 3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Page 353 and 354: [13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
Page 355 and 356: Polygeneration is a term used to de
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Page 359 and 360: are available for an entire year, 8
Page 361 and 362: 6. Extensions to core methodology 6
Page 363: thermal storage and possible suppor
Page 367 and 368: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 369 and 370: gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
Page 371 and 372: the second reactor. In this unit, s
Page 373 and 374: The variables effect was evaluated
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Page 377 and 378: Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
Page 379 and 380: SDG has slight effect on the syngas
Page 381: [26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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