1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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4 the CO2 emissions effect for BLGMF is further improved due to the occurrence of CCS on the margin in the power sector. If CCS is available, BLGCC gives almost as large CO2 emission reductions as RBU:CCS, however, due to a higher capital intensity it always shows a poorer economic performance. 5.5. Comparison with results for unchanged production capacity Here, the results of this paper are compared with the results from a previous study of the same mill where the production capacity remained unchanged (presented in [18]). Comparing the results from this paper with those previous results it becomes clear that the BLG cases, BLGMF and BLGCC (both with and without CCS), benefit from economy of scale. Thus, they have a better economic performance when increasing the production capacity than when the production capacity remains unchanged. For the BLGMF case, this means that if the production capacity is increased, BLGMF becomes more profitable than Lignin:Oil for some of the scenarios where lignin prices as oil were more profitable in case of unchanged production. For the RBU:Electricity and RBU:CCS cases, the production capacity increase affects the economic performance in a negative way. This is due to the fact that an additional investment in an upgrading of the recovery boiler has to be made. Thus, a production capacity increase benefits lignin extraction and BLG since these technologies unload the existing recovery boiler and thereby an investment in an upgrade of the recovery boiler can be avoided. 6. Conclusions This paper compares different technologies for utilisation of a potential steam surplus and debottlenecking the recovery boiler of a typical Scandinavian kraft pulp mill assuming a pulp production increase of 25%. The technologies are compared with respect to annual net profit and global CO2 emissions for four different energy market scenarios using two time frames, 2020 (where CCS is not available, neither for the mill nor in the surrounding power system) and 2030. Based on the results and discussion the following main conclusions can be drawn: For all energy market scenarios, both year 2020 and 2030, BLGMF and lignin extraction where the lignin is priced as oil have a better economic performance than upgrading the recovery boiler (and existing steam turbines). The BLGMF case generally has the best economic performance, but is contrary to lignin extraction very sensitive to changes of several parameters, especially the level of support for biofuels and the investment cost. Extraction of lignin that can be priced as oil has a very good economic performance and it is not highly influenced by any of the parameters studied outside the scenarios and can therefore be said to be a fairly robust investment. The CO2 emissions reduction from lignin extraction is also fairly stable between the scenarios. For the year 2020, where there are assumed to be no possibilities for CCS, BLGCC generally gives the highest CO2reduction potential. For the year 2030, where there is assumed to be an established infrastructure for CCS, upgrading the recovery boiler and investing in CCS coupled to the boiler flue gases render the highest CO2 reduction potential, followed by BLGCC and BLGMF, where CCS also can be included. 283
The possibility to capture CO2 from the recovery boiler flue gases gives a large CO2 reduction potential. However, the profitability of capturing the CO2 is strongly dependent on the CO2 charge – e.g. it is only for the scenarios with a high CO2 charge that CCS coupled to the boiler flue gases is more profitable than investments in new turbines (in connection to upgrading the recovery boiler). CCS decreases the global CO2 emissions and increases the economic performance for BLGMF and BLGCC both in absolute terms and in relation to the other technologies. BLGMF and BLGCC benefit from economy of scale and thus have a better economic performance when increasing the production capacity than when the production capacity remains unchanged. For the BLGMF case this means that for some of the scenarios with increased production BLGMF becomes more profitable than extracting lignin that can be priced as oil, which was the most profitable choice if the production was unchanged. For increased electricity production and CCS in connection with the recovery boiler, the production capacity increase affects the economic performance in a negative way due to the fact that an additional investment in an upgrading of the recovery boiler has to be made. Nomenclature ADt Air Dried tonne BL Black Liquor BLG Black Liquor Gasification BLGCC Black Liquor Gasification Combined Cycle BLGMF Black Liquor Gasification with Motor Fuel production CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CHP Combined Heat and Power CCHP Coal Combined Heat and Power CP Coal Power DH District Heat DME Dimethyl Ether GB Gas Boiler HP High Pressure (steam) LP Low Pressure (steam) MP Medium Pressure (steam) NGCC Natural Gas Combined Cycle RB Recovery Boiler RBU Recovery Boiler Upgrade Acknowledgements The work has been carried out under the auspices of the Energy Systems Programme, which is financed by the Swedish Energy Agency (SEA). The work was co-funded by the Black Liquor Gasification Programme, which is financed by SEA, MISTRA, Chemrec, Smurfit Kappa, Södra Cell, SCA Packaging, Sveaskog and the County Administrative Board 284
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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Page 275 and 276: Table A2. Extraction equations and
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Page 281 and 282: Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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Page 305 and 306: Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Page 317 and 318: 2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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Page 339 and 340: [5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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