[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statement on the applicability of Directive 2009/31/EC in Finland for Finnish Ministry of the Environment, K/468/42/2010, March 14, 201<strong>1.</strong> [14] Proposal for implementation of legislation on CCS, Finnish Ministry of the Environment, (in Finnish and in Swedish), July 12, 2011, Available at < http://www.ymparisto.fi/ default.asp?node=3662&lan=fi#a1> [Accessed: 25.<strong>1.</strong>2012] [15] Finlands Cleen Oy CCSP (Carbon Capture and Storage Program). Available at: [Accessed: 25.<strong>1.</strong>2012] [16] Fagerlund, J., Nduagu, E., Romão. I., Zevenhoven, R. CO2 fixation using magnesium silicate minerals. Part 1: Process description and performance. Energy 2012;41:184-191 [17] Romão, I., Nduagu, E., Fagerlund, J., M. Gando-Ferreira, L., Zevenhoven, R. CO2 Fixation Using Magnesium Silicate Minerals. Part 2: Energy Efficiency and Integration with Iron-and Steelmaking. Energy, 2012;41:203-2011 [18] Mattila, H.-P., Grigalinait, I, Said, A., Filppula, S., Fogelholm, C.-J., Zevenhoven, R. Process efficiency and optimization of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) production from steel converter slag. Submitted to ECOS2012, Perugia, Italy, June 2012; resubmitted after minor revision [19] IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage B. Metz, O. Davidson, H. de Coninck, M. Loos, L. Meyer, Working Group III of the IPCC, Cambridge Univ. <strong>Press</strong> (2005) Available at: [20] Zevenhoven, R., Fagerlund, J., Songok, J.K. CO2 mineral sequestration - developments towards largescale application. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology. 2011; 1:48-57 [21] Wang, X, Maroto-Valer, M. Dissolution of Serpentine using recyclable ammonium salts for CO2 mineral carbonation. FUEL 2011; 90(3): 1229-1237 [22] Hunwick, R.J. A new, integrated approach to mineralisation-based CCS, Modern Power Systems, 2009; November:25-28 [23] Sipilä, J., Teir, S., Zevenhoven, R. Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation – Literature Review Update 2005-2007. Åbo Akademi Univ., Heat Engineering Lab. report VT 2008-1, Turku, Finland (2008). Available at: [24] Nduagu, E., Björklöf, T., Fagerlund, J., Wärnå, J., Geerlings, H., Zevenhoven, R. Production of reactive magnesium from magnesium silicate for the purpose of CO2 mineralization. Part <strong>1.</strong> Application to Finnish serpentinite. Minerals Engineering, 2012;30:75 - 86 [25] Nduagu, E., Björklöf, T., Fagerlund, J., Mäkelä, E., Salonen, J., Geerlings, H., Zevenhoven, R. Production of reactive magnesium from magnesium silicate for the purpose of CO2 mineralization. Part 2. Mg extraction modeling and application to different Mg silicate rocks. Minerals Engineering, 2012, 2012;30:87-94 [26] Fagerlund, J., Zevenhoven, R. An experimental study of Mg(OH)2 carbonation. Int. J. of Greenhouse Gas Control 2011; 5:1406-1412 [27] Fagerlund, J., Carbonation of Mg(OH)2 in a pressurised fluidised bed for CO2 sequestration [PhD thesis], Turku, Finland: Åbo Akademi <strong>University</strong> / Chemical Engineering (2012) Available at: [Accessed: <strong>1.</strong>5.2012] [28] Nduagu E, Bergerson, J., Zevenhoven, R. Life cycle assessment of CO2 sequestration in magnesium silicate rock - a comparative study. Energy Conv. & Manage. 2012; 55:116-126 [29] O'Connor, W.K., Dahlin, D.C., Rush, G.E., Gerdemann, S.J., Penner, L.R., Nilsen, R.P., Aqueous mineral carbonation: Mineral availability, pretreatment, reaction parametrics, and process studies, DOE/ARC-TR-04-002, Albany Research Center, Albany, (OR) USA (2005) [30] Gerdemann, S.J., O’Connor, W.K., Dahlin, D.C., Penner, L.R., Rush, H. 2007. Ex Situ Aqueous Mineral Carbonation Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007;41:2587-2593 [31] Björklöf, T., Zevenhoven, R. Energy efficiency analysis of CO2 mineral sequestration in magnesium silicate rock using electrochemical steps. Chem. Eng. Res. & Des. 2012; accepted / in press, available on-line: doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2012.02.001 101
[32] Zahra, A. Carbon dioxide capture from flue gas: Development and evaluation of existing and novel process concepts [PhD Thesis] Delft, the Netherlands: Delft <strong>University</strong> of Technology2009. [33] Khoo, H.H., Sharatt, P.N., Bu, J., Borgna, A., Yeo, T.Y., Highfield, J., Björklöf, T.G., Zevenhoven, R. Carbon capture and mineralization in Singapore: preliminary environmental impacts and costs via LCA. Ind. & Eng. Chem Res. 2011; 50:11350 - 11357 [34] Nuclear plant units Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2 (in Finnish: Ydinvoimalaitos yksiköt Olkiluoto 1 ja Olkiluoto2) Available at: [Accessed: 2.2.2012] [35] Mäkelä, M. Storing of carbon dioxide by mineral carbonation in Southern Finland (in Finnish; Hiilidioksidin sitominen mineraalikarbonaatiolla Etelä-Suomessa) [MSc thesis]. Turku, Finland: <strong>University</strong> of Turku / Geology and Mineralogy; 201<strong>1.</strong> [36] Hitura - Nickel Database Available at: [Accessed: 25.<strong>1.</strong>2012] [37] Stormi - Nickel Database Available at: [Accessed: 25.<strong>1.</strong>2012] [38] Belvedere Resources Ltd, A European Nickel Producer Available at: [Accessed: 2.2.2012] [39] Hamalainen, Arja,. The Postjotnian diabases of Satakunta. (in Finnish, English summary): Satakunnan Postjotuniset Diabaasit) Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 1987; 76:173-178. Available at: < http://arkisto.gtk.fi/tr/tr76/tr76_pages_173_178.pdf > [40] Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta (in Finnish only) Available at: [Accessed: 2.2.2012] [41] Nickel in Finland. Available at: [Accessed: 25.<strong>1.</strong>2012] [42] Anthony, E. J., and Granatstein, D. L., Sulfation phenomena in fluidized bed combustion systems, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2001;27(2): 215-236. [43] Gupta, H., and Fan, L., Carbonation-Calcination Cycle Using High Reactivity Calcium Oxide for Carbon Dioxide Separation from Flue Gas, Ind Eng Chem Res, 2002;41(16): 4035-4042. [44] Hartman, M., and Svoboda, K., Physical properties of magnesite calcines and their reactivity with sulfur dioxide, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 1985; 24(3):613-62<strong>1.</strong> [45] Han, K. K., et al., Efficient MgO-based mesoporous CO2 trapper and its performance at high temperature, J. Hazard. Mater., 2012; 203–204: 341-347. [46] Snow, M. J. H., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F., Direct sulfation of calcium carbonate, Ind Eng Chem Res, 1988:27(2): 268-273. [47] Elfving, P., Panas, I., and Lindqvist, O., In situ IR study on the initial sulphition and carbonation of Ca(OH)2 and CaO by SO2 polluted air, Atmos. Environ., 1996:30(23): 4085-4089. [48] Chen, H., and Zhao, C., Development of a CaO-based sorbent with improved cyclic stability for CO2 capture in pressurized carbonation, Chem. Eng. J., 2011;171(1): 197-205. [49] Lackner, K. S., Butt, D. P., and Wendt, C. H., Progress on binding CO2 in mineral substrates, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 1997;38(Supplement 1): 259-264. [50] Stanmore, B. R., and Gilot, P., Review — calcination and carbonation of limestone during thermal cycling for CO2 sequestration, Fuel Process Technol, 2005; 86(16): 1707-1743. [51] Fagerlund, J., et al., Gasometric Determination of CO2 Released from Carbonate Materials, J. Chem. Educ., 2010:87(12): 1372-1376. [52] Highfield, J., et al., The promoter effect of steam in gas-solid CO2 mineralisation, Proc. ICCDU-XI, Dijon, France, June 201<strong>1.</strong> [53] Lu, H., and Smirniotis, P. G., Calcium Oxide Doped Sorbents for CO2 Uptake in the Presence of SO2 at High Temperatures, Ind Eng Chem Res, 2009;48(11):5454-5459. [54] Wang, C., Jia, L., and Tan, Y., 2011, Simultaneous Carbonation and Sulfation of CaO in Oxy-Fuel CFB Combustion, Chem. Eng. Technol., 2011;34(10): 1685-1690. 102
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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- Page 153 and 154: Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
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Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
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As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
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4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
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[19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
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investigation and the developing of
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University of L’Aquila and German
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hydrogen combustion technology at d
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eversibility of a pre-treated synth
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Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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(see Fig 5). Carbon dioxide uptake
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period is reduced to the first 15 c
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CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
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the way for biogas utilisation is t
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projectand is described in the foll
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4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
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Concerning the absorption reaction,
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with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
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[25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
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systems for fuel drying waste strea
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heated in a heat exchanger placed i
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Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
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Acknowledgements The results presen
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large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
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N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
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DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs
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Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
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CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
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[1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
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to dissolve the chloride salts prec
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The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
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Table 6. Experimental conversions o
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p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
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Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
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[11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
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Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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(Mg/Fe) of the mineral rock, Mg-sil
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Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
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Figure 4 shows that an increase in
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Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
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2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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extraction process at 400 °C (~ 62
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Table A2. Extraction equations and
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[13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
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In the area of coal technologies al
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Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
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N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
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Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and