1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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a dilute hydrochloric acid solution (37% w/w). The pots were tightly closed and a tiny hole was drilled in the lid to allow the liberated gaseous CO2 to escape. The entire apparatus was reweighed, before the contents of the syringe were flushed into the pot. Reweighing the apparatus continued until a constant value was achieved. WBefore W After AD(%) x100 (7) W Sample Where WBefore is the mass of the apparatus before digestion, WAfter is the mass of the sample after digestion, and Wsample is the mass of the oven dried material. 2.3.3. Total carbon analysis (TCA) TCA was determined using a Hach Lange TOC IL-550 analyser. In the analyser, the sample is heated in a tube furnace under a stream of oxygen. Carbon present is converted to carbon dioxide, and the concentration carried in the exhaust gas leaving the furnace is quantified. Analytical grade calcium carbonate was used for the calibration of the instrument. 3. Results and discussions 3.<strong>1.</strong> APCr characterization X-Ray Diffraction was used to analyse the seven APCrs, which were composed of eight main phases (see table 2). XRD analysis confirms the presence of calcite (CaCO3) for all the residues. Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) was detected in four APCrs, which was found to correlate with the TGA observation. Similarly, a unique thermal interval was found in the six APCrs for the presence of calcium hydroxide-chloride (CaClOH). Halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl), lime (CaO), anhydrite (CaSO4) and quartz (SiO2) were also identified. Accelerated carbonation of the APCrs resulted in mineralogical change (see table 3). The disappearance of the carbon dioxide-reactive phases (portlandite, lime, CaClOH) was observed, with the formation of new calcium carbonate in the form of vaterite. Table 2. Mineralogical composition of untreated APCrs APCr1 APCr2 APCr3 APCr4 APCr5 APCr6 APCr7 Ca(OH)2 CaO CaClOH CaCO3 CaCO3 NaCl KCl CaSO4 SiO2 (Portlandite) (Lime) (Calcite) (Vaterite) (Halite) (Sylvite) (Anhydrite) (Quartz) Table 3. Mineralogical composition of accelerated carbonated APCrs APCr1 APCr2 APCr3 APCr4 APCr5 APCr6 APCr7 Ca(OH)2 CaO CaClOH CaCO3 CaCO3 NaCl KCl CaSO4 SiO2 (Portlandite) (Lime) (Calcite) (Vaterite) (Halite) (Sylvite) (Anhydrite) (Quartz) 209
DTA analysis of the untreated APCrs show three clear events occurring between 400 – 440 °C, 465 – 550 °C, and 550 – 760 °C. This is illustrated in the DTA curves for APCr7 (see figure 2). According to Bodenan and Deniard [8] the peak in the 400 – 440 °C interval corresponds to Ca(OH)2 decomposition and the peak in the 465– 550 °C interval is related to that of calcium hydroxide-chloride (CaClOH).The 550–760 °C interval corresponds to CaCO3 decomposition. In the accelerated carbonated APCrs, the Ca(OH)2 and CaClOH signatures are absent, and there is an increase in the CaCO3 peak. DTA was used to assess the calcium phases present in the remaining six untreated and accelerated carbonated APCrs (see tables 4 and 5). Fig. 2. DTA of untreated and accelerated carbonated APCr7 Table 4. Calcium phases of the untreated APCrs by DTA analysis APCr1 APCr2 APCr3 APCr4 APCr5 APCr6 APCr7 Ca(OH)2 CaClOH CaCO3 (Portlandite) (calcium hydroxide-chloride) TGA analyses of APCrs show slightly differing behaviours between untreated and treated materials up to 500 °C. These differences are due to the portlandite and calcium hydroxide chloride that were found to be present only in untreated APCrs. They are responsible for two small decomposition steps at 400 °C and 500 °C respectively, due to bound water loss. In accelerated carbonated APCrs these steps are not present, although a gradual decomposition process starts at temperatures lower than 300 °C. Most significant is a sudden change in mass in the region 550–760 °C. This mass 210
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Proceedings e report 90
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ECOS 2012 : the 25 th International
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Advisory Committee (Track Organizer
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The 25 th ECOS Conference 1987-2012
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VOLUME VI CONTENT VI. 1 CARBON CAPT
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-----------------------------------
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» Personal transportation energy c
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» Excess enthalpies of second gene
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VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS A
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» Exergy analysis and genetic algo
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» Optimal lighting control strateg
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» Stability and limit cycles in an
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PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 - THE 25 T
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Fig. 2. The exergy destruction of M
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ineffectiveness of the catalyst, in
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[ P EXmth EX SNG] ESR F where EXm
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Fuel inputkW 728221 203771 237719 3
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Not only at desined Rc (the ratio o
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4. DISCUSSION The graphic exergy an
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Figure 9(a) illustrates the energy
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Engineering Technical Conferences &
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generally there are four kinds of m
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However, even under the off-design
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Fig. 3. 600MW supercritical coal-fi
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CO2 rich loading(molCO2/molMEA) 0.4
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Net efficiency (%) 40.28 30.29 26.4
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Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of heat
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28.67%. In addition, through heat i
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Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30
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Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
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Fig. 1. Solution diagram of „four
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K ~ K 1 eK 1a p K 1a iK mK
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Oxygen recovery rate, % 105 95 85 7
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Calculated optimal compressor press
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The net amount of the flue gas leav
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Figure 3. Idea for lignite drying b
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Energy efficiency, % 34,00 33,00 32
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points efficiency increase related
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Figure A1b. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A3a. Thermoflex flow sheet o
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Figure A4. Thermoflex flow sheet of
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2.1. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.1. G
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these factors. A sensitivity analys
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methane slip contributes to 13% of
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As can be seen in Fig. 5 the impact
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References [1] Eurobserv’er, The
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in which CO2 is separated from H2,
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dimensions of water droplets and wa
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Temperature (°C) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. Conclusions In the present paper
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penalty, but without separate captu
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0.5 - 0.7 kg/kg, resulting typicall
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3.3 - Utilising waste heat All exis
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4.5 - Suomusjärvi olivine deposits
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material will change from a few % t
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Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the PFB
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8. Combined SO2 capture and CO2 min
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Fig. 10 Carbonate- (left) and sulph
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[13] Ekdahl, E., Idman, H. Statemen
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HEAT Fig. 1. Scheme and main reacti
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(raw) materials pre-heating and AS
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Fig 3- Aspen Plus® model 110
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Table 4. Elemental and XRD analysis
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the ÅA CSM route. The content of M
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moisture - 0,2237 ash - 0,0876 LHV
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2.2 CFB plant For the current momen
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The CO2 emission factor which indic
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The CO2 emission factor calculated
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Appendix A Fig A.1. Simulation mode
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(b) Fig. A.2. Simulation model of C
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Table A.1. Calculated parameters at
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References [1] Pfaff I., Oexmann J.
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with a CC installation could be avo
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2.3. Basic CHP plant indices. The b
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3. Off-design calculations The main
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Fig. 6. CHP plant efficiency Fig. 7
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amount of steam delivered to the he
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[5] Lukowicz H., Mroncz M.: Analysi
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water removal is feasible by coolin
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Figure 2. Sketch of the suggested P
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a b Figure 5. a) Exergy balance of
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The basis of comparison of each met
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Figure 7a. Impact of S/CATR on PCU
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However, more energy duty is requir
Page 185 and 186: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 187 and 188: 3.1. JACOBIAN-ASPEN Interface ASPEN
Page 189 and 190: Fig. 3. Triple Pressure Bottoming S
Page 191 and 192: As seen from Table 1, the mass flow
Page 193 and 194: 4. Conclusion Fig. 5. Partial Emiss
Page 195 and 196: [19] Yantovski E., Shokotov M., Sho
Page 197 and 198: investigation and the developing of
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Page 201 and 202: hydrogen combustion technology at d
Page 203 and 204: eversibility of a pre-treated synth
Page 205 and 206: Fig. 1. TG curves collected for spe
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Page 211 and 212: CO2 capture capacity up to 150 th c
Page 213 and 214: the way for biogas utilisation is t
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Page 217 and 218: 4. Pilot plant tests In order to de
Page 219 and 220: Concerning the absorption reaction,
Page 221 and 222: with Regeneration (AwR), consists i
Page 223 and 224: [25] Aspen Plus 2004.1. Cambridge,
Page 225 and 226: systems for fuel drying waste strea
Page 227 and 228: heated in a heat exchanger placed i
Page 229 and 230: Fig. 2. Lower heating value of fuel
Page 231 and 232: Acknowledgements The results presen
Page 233 and 234: large amount of CO2 [1,5-7]. APCr a
Page 235: N 1 i ( x x i n 1 m ) 2.3. Carbon
Page 239 and 240: Table 4. Relative Error (%) of the
Page 241 and 242: CaO HCl CaCl H O 193kJ / mol (
Page 243 and 244: [1] M. Fernández Bertos, S.J.R. Si
Page 245 and 246: Abstract: PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012
Page 247 and 248: 2. Process development 2.1. Backgro
Page 249 and 250: to dissolve the chloride salts prec
Page 251 and 252: The remaining 25% (5 ml/min) of the
Page 253 and 254: Table 6. Experimental conversions o
Page 255 and 256: p p 1 1. 5 p H 1 1. 5 2O p mi
Page 257 and 258: Calculating from the Aspen Plus mod
Page 259 and 260: [11] Mattila, H.-P., Experimental s
Page 261 and 262: Mg2SiO4(s) + 2CO2(g) →2MgCO3(s) +
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 2. Effect of Mg/Fe ratio of
Page 267 and 268: Figure 4 shows that an increase in
Page 269 and 270: Figure 5. Process flow diagram of M
Page 271 and 272: 2. Only cold utility is needed belo
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Page 275 and 276: Table A2. Extraction equations and
Page 277 and 278: [13] Teir S, Kuusik R, Fogelholm CJ
Page 279 and 280: In the area of coal technologies al
Page 281 and 282: Tabel 1. Characteristics quantities
Page 283 and 284: N m eT 4a ~ T cp T4a 1 ( K
Page 285 and 286: Auxiliary power rate of ASU, % 40 4
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[8] Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., She
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1.1 - Cement Manufacturing The ceme
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2. Numerical model The purpose of t
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-0.309x15.77x2 2.085x3 240x4 12.53x
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Table 4 - Results of the optimizati
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1. Define the studied system (in th
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cycle) or a lignin extraction plant
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limiting factor for the maximum siz
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Table 5. Key data for the four ener
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Global CO 2 emissions [ktonnes/yr]
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for biofuels and the investment cos
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The possibility to capture CO2 from
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[17] Berglin N, Andersson L. Proces
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Therefore NL Agency (an agency of t
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2.2.2. Pinch analysis Pinch analysi
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3. Case study 3.1. Plant and proces
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Te 1000 mp era 900 tur 800 e [°C 7
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Application of the approach led to
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The advantage of dynamic models is
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e equal at both time intervals and
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2.5. Selecting the number of TSs Se
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A) Time Slices for solar thermal en
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The first step of procedure is to p
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cTSs demand TS solar TSs 0 2 4 6 8
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In the presented paper a framework
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[5] Erdil E, Ilkan M, Egelioglu F.
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district energy network simulation
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were decreased by 10°C.All scenari
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Site 3 Heat sources Heat load Site
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3.2.2. Input data and assumptions A
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Fig.7 shows the operation forecast
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[13] TERMIS Operation User Guide, 7
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Polygeneration is a term used to de
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The increase in energy utilization
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are available for an entire year, 8
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6. Extensions to core methodology 6
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thermal storage and possible suppor
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laterites. Ore Geology Reviews, v.
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gasification [15], hybrid biomass g
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the second reactor. In this unit, s
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The variables effect was evaluated
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atio, as well as the shift-syngas f
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Fig. 4. Effect of operating tempera
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SDG has slight effect on the syngas
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[26.] Castle WF. Air separation and
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1. Introduction - Firenze University Press

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