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Address destination: 32 bits. The destination's Internet address. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) The transport layer (layer number 4 in the IP pile) ensures the prosper transfer of data. It is this layer that will for example number the TCP packets before broadcasting them on the network, so that the destination can re-assemble the entire data in the right order (this is not the case for UDP). Two protocols are frequently used in a TCP/IP environment: TCP and UDP. TCP ensures the numbering of packets, and the destination acknowledges each one. It is therefore necessary for the two parties to establish a dialogue negotiation. That is the reason why a TCP communication always begins by a synchronization of the two parties. The broadcaster asks the receptor if it is ready to receive data; the latter acknowledges the request, that the broadcaster then validates. The transfer of data can then start. The TCP connection is done on a “Three-Way Handshake Connection”. Let us for example take a machine “A” and a machine “B”. Machine “A” is the client and machine “B” is the server. 1. A --- SYN---> B; The client machine sends a TCP packet with an activated SYN flag, which means: “Can I establish a connection? (SYN)” 2. A B; The client machine answers with a TCP packet with an activated ACK flag, which means: “Yes, you can establish a connection (ACK)”. If a machine refuses a connection, it will answer with an RST to the SYN sent by the client. The Hackademy DMP -14/209- SYSDREAM
TCP header: Source Port: 16 bits. The source's port number. Destination Port: 16 bits. The destination's port number. Sequence Number: 32 bits. The number of the first byte of data compared to the beginning of the transmission (except if SYN is indicated). If SYN is indicated, the sequence number is the Initial Sequence Number (ISN) and the first byte's number is ISN+1. Receipt: 32 bits. If ACK is indicated, this field contains the sequence number of the following byte that the receptor expects to receive. Once a connection is established, this field is always informed. Data offset: 4 bits. The TCP header's size in word numbers is 32 bits. It indicates where data starts. In all cases, a TCP header is equivalent to an entire number of 32-bit words. Reserved: 6 bits. Reserved for future use. Must be at 0. Control bits: 6 bits (from left to right): URG: Urgent Data Check of significant ACK: Receipt of significant PSH: RST Push Function: SYN connection re-initialization: FIN sequence number Synchronization: End of transmission. Window: 16 bits. Reserved for future use. Must be at 0. Checksum: 16 bits. The checksum is done by calculating the complement to 1 on 16 bits of the sum of complements to 1 of the header bytes and the data taken two by two (words of 16 bits). If the whole message contains an odd number of bytes, a 0 is added at the end of the message to finish the calculation of the checksum. This extra byte is not transmitted. When the checksum is calculated, the positions of the bits consigned to it are marked at 0. The checksum also covers a pseudo-header of 96 bits pre-fixed to the TCP header. This pseudo-header contains the source's and the destination's Internet addresses, the protocol type and the length of the TCP message. This protects the TCP against routing errors. This information will be handled by IP, and given as an argument by the TCP/Network interface when TCP calls IP. Urgent Data Check: 16 bits. Communicates the position of urgent data by giving the gap compared to the sequence number. The check must send the urgent data to the following byte. This field is interpreted only when URG is indicated. The Hackademy DMP -15/209- SYSDREAM
Page 1 and 2: Hack security “pro”
Page 3 and 4: Authors For their contribution to t
Page 5 and 6: Chapter IV: Web Vulnerabilities....
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP NETWORKS Net
Page 9 and 10: In case of reception, each layer wi
Page 11 and 12: ARP heading: The Hackademy DMP -11/
Page 13: Version: 4 bits. The version field
Page 17 and 18: TCP/UDP Port Notions: Multiplexing/
Page 19 and 20: Start the MS-DOS control interface
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER I INFORMATION ACQUISITION T
Page 23 and 24: expires: 2005-10-28 11:28:29 create
Page 25 and 26: In the answer field you will find:
Page 27 and 28: nmap -sP 192.168.124.0/24 Starting
Page 29 and 30: C) Fingerprinting the system The nm
Page 31 and 32: It is also possible to specify seve
Page 33 and 34: SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protoco
Page 35 and 36: SNMP : Simple Network Management Pr
Page 37 and 38: Here is a scan report obtained with
Page 39 and 40: # nmap 3.50 scan initiated Wed May
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER II CLIENT VULNERABILITIES T
Page 43 and 44: File viruses: These viruses attack
Page 45 and 46: Retroviruses are a bit more aggress
Page 47 and 48: However, do check in the start file
Page 49 and 50: Creating a hidden gateway : But the
Page 51 and 52: infallible. It consists in associat
Page 53 and 54: DOS commands if conditional pluggin
Page 55 and 56: Each one of these zones can be conf
Page 57 and 58: The javascript code destined to dow
Page 59 and 60: The wizard will ask you the locatio
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER III NETWORKS VULNERABILITIE
Page 63 and 64: Here, the connection between the ro
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Using the "Follow TCP Stream" optio
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You have just created a new filter.
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This handshake takes place as follo
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Third step Illustration 3: ACK To c
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The methodology of this type of att
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The case of the UDP protocol Unlike
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nc -l -v -n -p 887 Injection of com
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Let's try to connect again from mac
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We can see that Ethereal has seen i
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Conclusion The covert channel princ
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It is the IP protocol that is going
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We will simultaneously launch the p
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5.Connections Hijacking We are goin
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Let us now display the contents of
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B) DNS hijacking The DNS protocol i
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ssh2 protection The server's public
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B) SSL The SSL protocol functions w
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Recent viruses use the resources of
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1.Site Mapping The first thing a ha
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Scan_web.php Scan_web.php is a PHP
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The phpinfo() function gives the ha
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ack to an error message */ if ($ok
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System() Function The System() func
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Uploading via PHP Quite often, one
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inc.php file page1.php file By ty
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There are other functions of the sa
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i=0; j=0; while (data[i] != '=') {
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system("/usr/bin/sendmail -t test@t
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In all cases, it is also important
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It is therefore vital to understand
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The error means that the SQL reques
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} else{ } $query = "UPDATE users SE
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And here is the result: We are now
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We can see that CrashFr is now in b
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Once the client has entered his pse
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CHAPTER V APPLICATION VULNERABILITI
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2.Buffer Overflow Buffer overflow t
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xdream@Laptop:/$ readelf -a /bin/ls
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A few assembler notions Let us see
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Let us study the representation of
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The program segfaulted when trying
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We can determine that at address 0x
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The we can look in libc6 for the ad
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We can also see in the sources a ca
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3. String Format Presentation Strin
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So when the '%n' indicator is encou
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Using dtors. bash# objdump -s -j .d
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Security The only solution here is
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This program is “suidroot”, whi
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} } printf("Opening of file authori
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} flock(fd, LOCK_UN); //Closing of
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1.Authentication Brute force In thi
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Hybrid attack T launch a hybrid att
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LC3 offers 4 methods. 1. From the l
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B) The Unix passwd file On Unix sys
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C) Authentication service One of th
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The first thing to do is to create
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B) Backdoor kernel Backdoor kernels
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CHAPTER VII GENERIC SECURITY PROCED
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Configure snort so that it can stor
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Pmon NT Pmon is a process monitorin
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Here is a simple scenario. Let us t
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Step 2 : Encoding and signing (PGP)
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12.You can choose a separate Signat
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B) Cryptography of hard drives Wind
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The first time this operation is do
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Integrity controller on Linux There
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There are three protection levels:
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"Program control" Section The “pr
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The rules take the following values
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7.VPN What is a Virtual Private Net
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Contact 1 Villa du clos de Malevart
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Created by trainers from The Hackad
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