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Chapter 6. Experimental Validations - Social Phobia that point on in order to regain her attention. Her subjective feedback therefore corroborated the results we obtained from the eye-tracking measures. screen height screen height 600 400 200 600 400 200 0 0 500 screen width 1000 0 200 400 600 800 sample number 1’000 1’200 Figure 6.14: 3D gaze points layout sample when the character was attentive - case study. 0 0 500 screen width 1000 0 200 400 600 800 sample number 1’000 1’200 Figure 6.15: 3D gaze points layout sample when the character was distracted - case study. 6.4.4 Discussion Confirmation of the first hypothesis. Our results on the healthy population have only been able to partially confirm our first hypothesis; that a character would seem more natural when changing behavior than when always maintaining the same behavior. There was a tendency from the subjects to find the tracked version of the scene more realistic than either the bored version or the random version. However, the always attentive version seemed more realistic 102
6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction to the subjects than any other. We believe this is due to a potential bias of the subjects towards the expectation of an “always attentive” virtual character. Confirmation of the second hypothesis. From the results we obtained with the healthy subjects, we have been able to confirm our second hypothesis; that a character changing behavior with respect to human eye contact behavior seems more normal than a character that randomly changes behavior. Bias on character behavior. As mentioned, we believe that there was a bias towards an always attentive virtual character in the case of healthy subjects. However, interestingly enough, this bias was reversed in the case of the young girl suffering from Asperger syndrome. Indeed, she thought that it was normal for the character to seem uninterested and distracted. It has to be noted that the healthy subjects were exposed for a shorter amount of time than the case study subject. This bias towards always attentive behaviors may thus have decreased in the case of a longer exposure. Testing on a phobic population. In this experiment, we have tested our application on healthy subjects mainly. The case study we have conducted on a young patient suffering from Asperger syndrome, however, gave very promising results. Our application should therefore be tested on a phobic population in order to evaluate its efficacy. Moreover, it would allow us to verify whether the same bias towards uninterested and distracted virtual characters would be present in such a phobic population as was seen in our case study. 6.4.5 Conclusion In this section, we have described the experiment we have conducted over 12 healthy subjects and the results we have obtained from their subjective feedback regarding the realism of the character behaviors in 4 different situations: always bored, always attentive, randomly animated, and animated with respect to the subject eye contact behavior. We have also tested our application on a young girl suffering from Asperger syndrome. In this case study, we used a hybrid approach where the character changed behavior either when triggered by hand or with respect to the subject’s eye contact behavior in order to be able to force the character’s attention at the beginning of the exposure session. The results we have obtained on the healthy population have partially confirmed our first hypothesis and fully the second. The subjects clearly identified the different behaviors but seemed to be biased towards an always attentive character. Concerning the case study, this bias was reversed. She expected the virtual character to be uninterested. During exposure, the subject reacted very strongly to character behavior change. She clearly identified the change and was affected by it. Moreover, the eye-tracking measures corroborated her impressions during the exposure session. This demonstrates the potential of closing the loop to reveal and trigger more elaborate interactions between the users and the virtual characters. We strongly believe that this new form of interaction based on gaze behavior will greatly amplify immersion and thus, the potential of VRET for the treatment of social phobia. We believe that such a tool, that can induce such a positive feedback loop, can be of great help to therapists in the treatment of social phobia by CBT. More specifically, we think that it could be used to make patients understand that they can change people’s behaviors with their own. 103
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Simulating Interactions with Virtua
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3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
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Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
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1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
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1.5. Organization of this Document
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CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
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2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
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2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
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2.3. Motion Editing Peters and O’
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2.3. Motion Editing Figure 2.10: Bi
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CHAPTER 3 VRET For Social Phobia Mu
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3.2. Creating Scenarios For VRET Fi
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3.3. Eye-Tracking For Interaction F
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3.4. Results can thus determine whe
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3.5. Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Char
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3.6. Discussion 3.6 Discussion Filt
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CHAPTER 4 Simulating Visual Attenti
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4.2. Walking Motion Reconstruction
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Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX A Ethics Commission Reques
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Page 135 and 136: APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
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Page 141 and 142: Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
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