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List of Figures
138
3.1 Various VEs used for public speaking exercises. Top Left: Job interview
simulation. Top Right: In an office, facing five people. Middle Left: Meeting
in a bar. Middle Right: Meeting in a cafeteria. Bottom Left: Speech in front
of an auditorium. Bottom Right: Sitting at the back of an auditorium. . . . 37
3.2 Various designed characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Multiple textures on a single mesh to obtain variety in character representations.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Variations in character behavior depending on eye-tracking coordinates. Left:
Attentive. Right: Distracted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.5 Overview of the offline architecture allowing the addition of gaze attention
behaviors to virtual characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.6 Overview of the online architecture allowing the addition of gaze attention
behaviors to virtual characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.1 Overall maximum scores Smax(t) for a character C. The different colors represent
different interest points. tb and te respectively represent the beginning
and the end of a gaze constraint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2 Schematic representation of the parameters used for the elementary scoring.
pc(t) is the character position at time t, pe(t) is the entity position at time t,
α is the entity orientation in the character’s field of view, and β is the angle
between the character and the entity forward directions. . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3 Desynchronization between the eyes, head, and torso. The eyes start moving
before the head and satisfy the constraint first. The head and cervicals start
moving and satisfy the constraint before the remainder of the spine. . . . . 58
4.4 Illustration of a character following an interest point with different sets of
parameters. Top Left: Illustration of the periphery parameter. Top Right:
Desynchronization between eyes, head, and torso. Bottom Left: Illustration
of the attention parameter. Bottom Right: Illustration of the presence/absence
of desynchronization between eyes, head, and torso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 Examples of gaze attention behaviors in a crowd animation. . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1 Hardware setup in the CAVE environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.2 Crowd engine real-time simulation loop pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.3 A user’s gesture is recognized by the point & figure chart as a wave. The
looked at character therefore waves back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.4 Results obtained with the integration of our gaze behaviors into a real-time
crowd animation engine. Top left: User-centered gaze behaviors. Top right:
Interest-centered gaze behaviors. Bottom left: User or interest gaze behaviors.
Bottom right: Random gaze behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.1 System setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2 Eye-tracking device, Left: eye-tracker. Right: subject wearing the device,
seated in front of the back-projection screen (Photo: Alain Herzog). . . . . 75