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List of Figures 138 3.1 Various VEs used for public speaking exercises. Top Left: Job interview simulation. Top Right: In an office, facing five people. Middle Left: Meeting in a bar. Middle Right: Meeting in a cafeteria. Bottom Left: Speech in front of an auditorium. Bottom Right: Sitting at the back of an auditorium. . . . 37 3.2 Various designed characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.3 Multiple <strong>text</strong>ures on a single mesh to obtain variety in character representations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4 Variations in character behavior depending on eye-tracking coordinates. Left: Attentive. Right: Distracted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.5 Overview of the offline architecture allowing the addition of gaze attention behaviors to virtual characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.6 Overview of the online architecture allowing the addition of gaze attention behaviors to virtual characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.1 Overall maximum scores Smax(t) for a character C. The different colors represent different interest points. tb and te respectively represent the beginning and the end of a gaze constraint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2 Schematic representation of the parameters used for the elementary scoring. pc(t) is the character position at time t, pe(t) is the entity position at time t, α is the entity orientation in the character’s field of view, and β is the angle between the character and the entity forward directions. . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3 Desynchronization between the eyes, head, and torso. The eyes start moving before the head and satisfy the constraint first. The head and cervicals start moving and satisfy the constraint before the remainder of the spine. . . . . 58 4.4 Illustration of a character following an interest point with different sets of parameters. Top Left: Illustration of the periphery parameter. Top Right: Desynchronization between eyes, head, and torso. Bottom Left: Illustration of the attention parameter. Bottom Right: Illustration of the presence/absence of desynchronization between eyes, head, and torso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5 Examples of gaze attention behaviors in a crowd animation. . . . . . . . . . 60 5.1 Hardware setup in the CAVE environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.2 Crowd engine real-time simulation loop pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.3 A user’s gesture is recognized by the point & figure chart as a wave. The looked at character therefore waves back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.4 Results obtained with the integration of our gaze behaviors into a real-time crowd animation engine. Top left: User-centered gaze behaviors. Top right: Interest-centered gaze behaviors. Bottom left: User or interest gaze behaviors. Bottom right: Random gaze behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.1 System setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.2 Eye-tracking device, Left: eye-tracker. Right: subject wearing the device, seated in front of the back-projection screen (Photo: Alain Herzog). . . . . 75
List of Figures 6.3 Results to the Fear Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.4 Results to the BDI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.5 Results to the Liebowitz scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6.6 Results to the SISST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6.7 Eye contact behavior during exposure. Top Left: Before treatment example - office situation. Top Right: After treatment example - office situation. Bottom Left: Before treatment example - auditorium situation. Bottom Right: After treatment example - auditorium situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.8 Eye contact behavior during exposure. Left: Phobic subject. Right: Control subject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.9 Eye contact behavior during exposure. Left: Phobic subject. Right: Control subject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.10 Blink rates and durations example. Left: Control subject. Right: Phobic subject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.11 Left: Attentive version of each character. Right: Bored version of each character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.12 Graphical representations of the results for interest, engagement, and nor- 96 mality. The brackets indicate the SDs for each mean. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.13 2D gaze map for the case study. Left: Attentive character. Right: Distracted character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.14 3D gaze points layout sample when the character was attentive - case study. 102 6.15 3D gaze points layout sample when the character was distracted - case study. 102 7.1 CAVE Setup. Left: CAVE viewed from outside. Right: A user testing the setup for agoraphobia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.2 Phasespace impulse glove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.3 Graphical results to the assessment of character normality. . . . . . . . . . 109 7.4 Graphical results to the assessment of character gaze. . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.5 Graphical results to the assessment of immersion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.6 Graphical results to the assessment of anxiety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.7 Graphical results to the assessment of character friendliness. . . . . . . . . 112 7.8 Graphical results to the assessment of character awareness towards the environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.9 Graphical results to the assessment of character awareness towards each other. 113 7.10 Graphical results to the assessment of character awareness towards the user. 114 139
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Simulating Interactions with Virtua
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3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
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Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
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1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
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1.5. Organization of this Document
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CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
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2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
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2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
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2.3. Motion Editing Peters and O’
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2.3. Motion Editing Figure 2.10: Bi
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CHAPTER 3 VRET For Social Phobia Mu
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3.2. Creating Scenarios For VRET Fi
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3.3. Eye-Tracking For Interaction F
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3.4. Results can thus determine whe
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3.5. Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Char
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3.6. Discussion 3.6 Discussion Filt
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CHAPTER 4 Simulating Visual Attenti
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4.2. Walking Motion Reconstruction
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4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
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4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
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4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
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4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
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4.5. Results Figure 4.4: Illustrati
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4.6. Discussion Cs 100 200 300 400
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CHAPTER 5 Interaction with Virtual
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5.2. Tracking in the CAVE animation
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5.3. Interest Point Definition In t
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5.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation Th
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5.6. Results Figure 5.4: Results ob
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CHAPTER 6 Experimental Validations
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6.2. Clinical Study on VRET for Soc
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6.3. Eye-tracking as Assessment and
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Page 119 and 120: CHAPTER 8 Conclusion In the past de
Page 121 and 122: 8.2. Perspectives and Future Work 8
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX A Ethics Commission Reques
Page 125 and 126: - Cette condition persiste pendant
Page 127 and 128: laires sur un groupe de personnes s
Page 129 and 130: Richard G Heimberg, Social Phobia -
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX B Fearful Situation Docume
Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX C List of Abbreviations AS
Page 135 and 136: APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
Page 137: List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES 2.1
Page 141 and 142: Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
Page 143 and 144: Bibliography Dassault Systèmes. ht
Page 145 and 146: Bibliography Iscan. http://www.isca
Page 147 and 148: Bibliography A. Mühlberger, M.J. W
Page 149 and 150: Bibliography B.O. Rothbaum, L.F. Ho
Page 151: WHO. The ICD-10 Classification Of M
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