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3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 Eye-Tracking For Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.5 Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Character Realism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.5.1 Gaze Behaviors for Crowd Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5.2 Interaction with Virtual Crowds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4 Simulating Visual Attention for Crowds 47 4.1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2 Walking Motion Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.1 Temporal normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.2 Speed resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.3 Automatic Interest Point Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.3.1 Proximity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.2 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.3 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.4 Periphery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4 Automatic Motion Adaptation for Gaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.4.1 Spatial Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4.2 Temporal Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.5.1 Gaze Behavior for Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5.2 Gaze Behavior for Crowds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5.3 Complexity and Computational Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5 Interaction with Virtual Crowds for VRET of Agoraphobia 63 5.1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.2 Tracking in the CAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.3 Interest Point Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.4 Automatic Motion Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.4.1 Temporal Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.5 Gesture Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 6 Experimental Validations - Social Phobia 73 6.1 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.2 Clinical Study on VRET for Social Phobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.2.1 Technical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.2.2 Selection and Description of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.2.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.2.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.2.4.1 Questionnaire Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.2.4.2 Eye-tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.2.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.3 Eye-tracking as Assessment and Diagnosis Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.3.2 Experimental Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.3.2.1 Pre-treatment Eye-tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.3.2.2 Group Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.3.2.3 Post-treatment Eye-tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.3.3.1 Salient Facial Feature Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.3.3.2 Hyperscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.3.3.3 Eye blinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6.3.3.4 Subjective ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.4 Eye-tracking for Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.4.1 Experimental Protocol - Healthy Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.4.2 Experimental Protocol - Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.4.3.1 Healthy Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.4.3.2 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7 Experimental Validation - Agoraphobia 105 7.1 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7.2 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Page 1: Simulating Interactions with Virtua
Page 6 and 7: 7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
Page 8 and 9: Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
Page 13 and 14: 1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
Page 15 and 16: 1.5. Organization of this Document
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
Page 19 and 20: 2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
Page 29 and 30: 2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
Page 31 and 32: 2.3. Motion Editing Peters and O’
Page 33 and 34: 2.3. Motion Editing Figure 2.10: Bi
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3 VRET For Social Phobia Mu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2. Creating Scenarios For VRET Fi
Page 39 and 40: 3.3. Eye-Tracking For Interaction F
Page 41 and 42: 3.4. Results can thus determine whe
Page 43 and 44: 3.5. Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Char
Page 45 and 46: 3.6. Discussion 3.6 Discussion Filt
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 4 Simulating Visual Attenti
Page 49 and 50: 4.2. Walking Motion Reconstruction
Page 51 and 52: 4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
Page 53 and 54: 4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
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4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
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4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
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4.5. Results Figure 4.4: Illustrati
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4.6. Discussion Cs 100 200 300 400
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CHAPTER 5 Interaction with Virtual
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5.2. Tracking in the CAVE animation
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5.3. Interest Point Definition In t
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5.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation Th
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5.6. Results Figure 5.4: Results ob
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CHAPTER 6 Experimental Validations
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6.2. Clinical Study on VRET for Soc
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6.3. Eye-tracking as Assessment and
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6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction 6
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6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction D
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6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction F
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6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction F
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6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction t
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CHAPTER 7 Experimental Validation -
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7.3. Experimental Protocol Figure 7
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7.4. Results User-centered Interest
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7.4. Results 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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7.4. Results 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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7.4. Results 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-3 2-4 3-
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7.6. Conclusion percentage of the v
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CHAPTER 8 Conclusion In the past de
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8.2. Perspectives and Future Work 8
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APPENDIX A Ethics Commission Reques
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- Cette condition persiste pendant
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laires sur un groupe de personnes s
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Richard G Heimberg, Social Phobia -
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APPENDIX B Fearful Situation Docume
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APPENDIX C List of Abbreviations AS
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APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES 2.1
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List of Figures 6.3 Results to the
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Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
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Bibliography Dassault Systèmes. ht
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Bibliography Iscan. http://www.isca
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Bibliography A. Mühlberger, M.J. W
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Bibliography B.O. Rothbaum, L.F. Ho
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WHO. The ICD-10 Classification Of M
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