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Chapter 7. Experimental Validation - Agoraphobia 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Are the characters looking at you? User−centered Interest−centered User or Interest Random Figure 7.4: Graphical results to the assessment of character gaze. what the user is looking at but the character being looked at by the user looks back at the user. For this reason, the participant perceives a higher quantity of gaze in this mode than in the random mode. Regarding immersion, shown in Figure 7.5, we can see that the mean results have the same tendency as for the second question. Immersion therefore seems to increase with character gaze. This is in line with our expectations since we believed that immersion would increase if the participant had the impression that the characters were aware of him/her. This is actually the case when the characters look at the participant. Regarding anxiety, depicted in Figure 7.6, none of the participants were particularly anxious which is normal since we did not deal with a phobic population. However, we can still notice a slight preference for the user-centered and the random modes. Regarding the user-centered mode, this seems quite logical. Indeed, if we were to walk in town and have everyone stare at us, it would be quite anxiety provoking. However, the random mode equally scored highest in anxiety, as if it was anxiety provoking that no-one looked at us. This may be explained in the case of participants biased towards always attentive characters, it can seem abnormal for characters not to look at them and thus more anxiety provoking. Regarding friendliness, we can see that when the characters were not looking at the user at all, or only as much as other characters, they seemed less friendly than in the other modes. This can be seen in Figure 7.7. All other modes scored approximately the same for this feature. It is important to note that there was no facial animation in our experiment. Characters therefore did not change expression throughout the exposure. We can thus reasonably assume that they seemed less friendly only because they were not looking at the user. Regarding the character awareness towards their environment, depicted in Figure 7.8,we can see that the results to all four modes are quite similar. There is however a slight decrease 110
7.4. Results 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Do you feel immersed ? User−centered Interest−centered User or Interest Random Figure 7.5: Graphical results to the assessment of immersion. Is it anxiety provoking? User−centered Interest−centered User or Interest Random Figure 7.6: Graphical results to the assessment of anxiety. 111
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Simulating Interactions with Virtua
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3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
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Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
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1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
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1.5. Organization of this Document
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CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
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2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
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2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
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2.3. Motion Editing Peters and O’
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2.3. Motion Editing Figure 2.10: Bi
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CHAPTER 3 VRET For Social Phobia Mu
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3.2. Creating Scenarios For VRET Fi
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3.3. Eye-Tracking For Interaction F
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3.4. Results can thus determine whe
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3.5. Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Char
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3.6. Discussion 3.6 Discussion Filt
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CHAPTER 4 Simulating Visual Attenti
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4.2. Walking Motion Reconstruction
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4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
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4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
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4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
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4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
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Page 119 and 120: CHAPTER 8 Conclusion In the past de
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Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX A Ethics Commission Reques
Page 125 and 126: - Cette condition persiste pendant
Page 127 and 128: laires sur un groupe de personnes s
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Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX B Fearful Situation Docume
Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX C List of Abbreviations AS
Page 135 and 136: APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
Page 137 and 138: List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES 2.1
Page 139 and 140: List of Figures 6.3 Results to the
Page 141 and 142: Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
Page 143 and 144: Bibliography Dassault Systèmes. ht
Page 145 and 146: Bibliography Iscan. http://www.isca
Page 147 and 148: Bibliography A. Mühlberger, M.J. W
Page 149 and 150: Bibliography B.O. Rothbaum, L.F. Ho
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