Texte intégral / Full text (pdf, 20 MiB) - Infoscience - EPFL

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 6. Experimental Validations - Social Phobia 6.2.6 Conclusion In this section, we have presented a study whose aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a therapeutic program using VR as a tool to treat social phobia. We have presented the VRbased protocol which we have used to conduct a study over 8 social phobic subjects. We have equally presented the results we have obtained through questionnaire analysis and eyetracking recordings. By using subjective appreciation of social anxiety throughout the whole experiment as well as video recordings of the exposure sessions and the results provided by our eye-tracking system, we have noticed an improvement regarding avoidance behavior and a decrease of anxiety with time and exposure. 84
6.3. Eye-tracking as Assessment and Diagnosis Tool 6.3 Eye-tracking as Assessment and Diagnosis Tool As of today, no objective clinical diagnosis test exists when it comes to phobias. It is based on patients’ accounts of undergone experiences and therefore remains very subjective. Moreover, the experiment previously described in this chapter raised a number of research directions. More specifically, while recording eye movements, we have noticed that several traits in eye contact behavior were recurrent. For example, we noticed rapid eye blinking rates in some subjects, and very rapid eye movements in others. For this reason, we propose to use an eye-tracking system, in order to diagnose and assess, in an objective way, various known features often present in people suffering from social phobia, and more specifically, in people suffering from fear of public speaking. The tests we decided to conduct concern the avoidance of salient facial features, the presence of hyperscanning, and the rates and durations of eye blinks. The avoidance of salient facial features is a known parameter often present in people suffering from social phobia [Horley et al., <strong>20</strong>03]. Hyperscanning consists of an overly rapid sweeping of the eyes. This factor equally consists of a feature found to be present in social phobics [Horley et al., <strong>20</strong>04]. Eye blink rates are known to increase with anxiety [Kanfer, 1960] and can therefore be used as a revealing measure, relative to the anguish caused by the phobia. Finally, we believe eye blink durations to be another good indicator of the presence of visual contact avoidance and therefore investigate this feature as well. People suffering from social phobia do not all present those traits of visual avoidance but many of them do. Our hypothesis was that phobic subjects would not present all traits but that most of them would at least present one of them. We conducted our experiment over five social phobic patients and five non phobic subjects who served as control group. In a first phase, we exposed all ten subjects to two VR public speaking exercises. The first one was in front of a single virtual actor and the second in front of an audience. These scenes are depicted in the middle left and bottom left of Figure 3.1. For these exercises, we used the social phobia setup described at the beginning of this chapter in order to track the patients’ and control group participants’ eye movements. The phobic subjects then went through ten weekly sessions of therapy based on the cognitive behavioral model [Beck and Emery, 1985]. This was a group therapy following the Boston group protocol [Stern et al., 1999]. Finally, six out of the ten subjects went through a second eye-tracking session, three from each group. This post-treatment exercise was conducted under the same conditions as the first one. 6.3.1 Participants The five social phobic subjects who participated in this study were patients picked by our psychiatrist collaborator. They completed the MINI [Sheehan et al., 1998] in order for us to verify the prevalence of social phobia and the absence of comorbidity. All subjects were aged 25 to 55, with a mean age of 37 for the phobic group and 38 for the control group. Subjects were not chosen from any specific educational or socio-economical category but were all of Caucasian type. The phobic subject group was composed of three females and two males and the control group of three males and two females. 85
Page 1:
Simulating Interactions with Virtua
Page 4 and 5:
3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 6 and 7:
7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
Page 8 and 9:
Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
Page 13 and 14:
1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
Page 15 and 16:
1.5. Organization of this Document
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
Page 19 and 20:
2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
Page 31 and 32:
2.3. Motion Editing Peters and O’
Page 33 and 34: 2.3. Motion Editing Figure 2.10: Bi
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3 VRET For Social Phobia Mu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2. Creating Scenarios For VRET Fi
Page 39 and 40: 3.3. Eye-Tracking For Interaction F
Page 41 and 42: 3.4. Results can thus determine whe
Page 43 and 44: 3.5. Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Char
Page 45 and 46: 3.6. Discussion 3.6 Discussion Filt
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 4 Simulating Visual Attenti
Page 49 and 50: 4.2. Walking Motion Reconstruction
Page 51 and 52: 4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
Page 53 and 54: 4.3. Automatic Interest Point Detec
Page 55 and 56: 4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
Page 57 and 58: 4.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation fo
Page 59 and 60: 4.5. Results Figure 4.4: Illustrati
Page 61 and 62: 4.6. Discussion Cs 100 200 300 400
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 5 Interaction with Virtual
Page 65 and 66: 5.2. Tracking in the CAVE animation
Page 67 and 68: 5.3. Interest Point Definition In t
Page 69 and 70: 5.4. Automatic Motion Adaptation Th
Page 71 and 72: 5.6. Results Figure 5.4: Results ob
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 6 Experimental Validations
Page 75 and 76: 6.2. Clinical Study on VRET for Soc
Page 83: 6.2. Clinical Study on VRET for Soc
Page 87 and 88: 6.3. Eye-tracking as Assessment and
Page 95 and 96: 6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction 6
Page 97 and 98: 6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction D
Page 99 and 100: 6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction F
Page 101 and 102: 6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction F
Page 103 and 104: 6.4. Eye-tracking for Interaction t
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 7 Experimental Validation -
Page 107 and 108: 7.3. Experimental Protocol Figure 7
Page 109 and 110: 7.4. Results User-centered Interest
Page 111 and 112: 7.4. Results 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Page 113 and 114: 7.4. Results 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Page 115 and 116: 7.4. Results 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-3 2-4 3-
Page 117 and 118: 7.6. Conclusion percentage of the v
Page 119 and 120: CHAPTER 8 Conclusion In the past de
Page 121 and 122: 8.2. Perspectives and Future Work 8
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX A Ethics Commission Reques
Page 125 and 126: - Cette condition persiste pendant
Page 127 and 128: laires sur un groupe de personnes s
Page 129 and 130: Richard G Heimberg, Social Phobia -
Page 131 and 132: APPENDIX B Fearful Situation Docume
Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX C List of Abbreviations AS
Page 135 and 136:
APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
Page 137 and 138:
List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES 2.1
Page 139 and 140:
List of Figures 6.3 Results to the
Page 141 and 142:
Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
Page 143 and 144:
Bibliography Dassault Systèmes. ht
Page 145 and 146:
Bibliography Iscan. http://www.isca
Page 147 and 148:
Bibliography A. Mühlberger, M.J. W
Page 149 and 150:
Bibliography B.O. Rothbaum, L.F. Ho
Page 151:
WHO. The ICD-10 Classification Of M
Page 154 and 155:
154
show all

Texte intégral / Full text (pdf, 20 MiB) - Infoscience - EPFL

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?