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Chapter 1. Introduction Finally, we extend both this attention model and the interaction possibilities proposed in the context of social phobia to agoraphobia with crowds in an immersive CAVE environment. We thus propose a very immersive simulation in which a user or patient can interact with crowd characters using gaze. In the last part of this thesis, we describe the various experiments we have conducted in order to validate our methods and applications. In the first one, we test a VRET protocol together with eye contact behavior analysis. In our second experiment, we test eye-tracking as a diagnosis and assessment tool for abnormal gaze behaviors known to be present in social phobics. Our third experiment tests the interaction model we propose in the context of social phobia. Finally, our last experiment tests the combination of our interaction and attention models in an immersive CAVE environment, in the context of agoraphobia with crowds. 1.4 Preliminaries Since we have worked on the treatment of social phobia with VR, some terms in this text belong to the therapeutic language. These may not be familiar to all readers. We have thus regrouped a number of definitions and concepts in the Glossary (Appendix D), at the end of this document. All abbreviations used in this thesis are listed at the end of this document in Appendix C. Each expression replaced by an abbreviation will be introduced as complete words followed by the abbreviation in parentheses, the first time it occurs in the text. Further references to these expressions will be done by abbreviation only. Concerning mathematical notations and conventions, this document uses the following. Scalar numbers are denoted by small letters such as s. Vectors and quaternions are indicated by small, boldface letters such as v and q. Matrices are expressed as capital, boldface letters such as M. Additional notations are introduced when necessary. Finally, all images in this document which are not owned by the VRLab are courtesy of their respective authors. 1.5 Organization of this Document In Chapter 2 we discuss the state of the art in the domains of VRET for the treatment of phobias, and more specifically of social and agoraphobia. We also discuss the use of eyetracking as a diagnosis and assessment tool and as mode of interaction. Finally, we also go over models of visual attention developed for virtual humans and motion editing techniques. This thesis is then separated into three distinctive parts. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the various tools and applications we have developed in the context of social phobia. More specifically, we discuss the various scenarios we have setup in this context. We describe the use of scripting to guide the interactions between users and virtual characters. Finally, we describe how we use this together with eye-tracking to modify virtual character behavior with respect to human eye contact behavior. 14
1.5. Organization of this Document Then, Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the applications we have developed in the context of agoraphobia with crowds. More specifically, in Chapter 4 we present an architecture which allows the addition of attention behaviors to crowds of virtual characters. This model automatically detects where and when each character should look. It equally defines a form of how to look. The set of rules used in this architecture are derived from biomechanics and occulometric measures. In Chapter 5 we describe a real-time version of the attention model presented in the previous chapter. This model combines visual attention for crowd characters and interactions with the user. This architecture allows for a user to interact with crowd characters using eye-tracking. Thus, depending on where a user is looking, in a CAVE environment, the characters composing the crowd can either look at the user, look at other characters, or look at where the user is looking. Finally, Chapters 6 and 7 are dedicated to our experimental validations. In Chapter 6,we describe three different experiments conducted in the context of social phobia. In the first one, we describe the experimental protocol we have used on 8 social phobic patients and the results obtained through VRET using our application. We also discuss the patients’ results obtained through various rating scales and eye-tracking. In the second experiment, we describe how eye-tracking can be used as assessment and diagnosis tool for VRET. We present the study we have conducted in order to demonstrate the efficacy of this tool. We equally present the experimental protocol used over 5 social phobic subjects and 5 control subjects and present the results obtained through eye-tracking measures. The third experiment describes a study we have conducted in order to validate our character behavior modification model. This study was conducted on a cohort of 12 healthy subjects. We first describe our experimental protocol and then present the subjects’ results using various rating scales. We also describe a case study we have conducted over a young girl suffering from Asperger syndrome. In Chapter 7, we present an experiment on the immersive capacities of the architecture we have developed in the context of agoraphobia on 30 healthy subjects. We discuss the results obtained by subjective ratings as well as eye-tracking and discuss how this model can be used in VRET of agoraphobia. Finally, we conclude this thesis in Chapter 8. 15
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APPENDIX A Ethics Commission Reques
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- Cette condition persiste pendant
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laires sur un groupe de personnes s
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Richard G Heimberg, Social Phobia -
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APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES 2.1
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List of Figures 6.3 Results to the
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Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
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Bibliography Dassault Systèmes. ht
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Bibliography Iscan. http://www.isca
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Bibliography A. Mühlberger, M.J. W
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Bibliography B.O. Rothbaum, L.F. Ho
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WHO. The ICD-10 Classification Of M
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