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Chapter 8. Conclusion 8.1.2 Gaze Attention Behaviors for Crowds Our second main contribution is the development of gaze attention behaviors for crowds of characters. This consists of an extra layer added to an existing crowd animation. Our method automatically detects the points which are interesting to look at for the virtual characters using features such as distance, orientation, and speed. We use the character trajectories only in order to define our interest points. It then consists of adapting the character motions to satisfy the automatically defined gaze constraints in a smooth and natural way. The method we have proposed allows the definition of the where, the when and the how to gaze for hundreds of characters. 8.1.3 Gaze Interaction for Agoraphobia Our third contribution is the development of gaze attention behaviors for crowds in real time. The main idea of the method is the same as the one we have proposed to create gaze attention behaviors for crowds, but reconsidered in order to meet online requirements. In this system, not only are the characters able to look at each other or at objects in the scene, but also at the user walking around in their environment. This application allows the determination of the amount of characters which should perform gaze behaviors. It also allows the definition of different modes of interest for the characters, i.e. gaze at the user, gaze at the user’s interest point, randomly gaze at any character, or a mix of any of these modes. Finally, we allow a very immersive setup in a CAVE environment where a user can interact with characters in a crowd using gaze and gestures. 8.1.4 Experimental Validations Finally, we have discussed various studies to validate our applications in the context of social phobia and agoraphobia with crowds. Our first validation experiment evaluated the use of VR to treat social phobia and more specifically, fear of public speaking. We have also validated the use of eye-tracking as an assessment tool for therapists, as it allows the visualization of where a patient has been looking throughout an exposure session. Our second validation experiment focused on the use of eye-tracking as a diagnosis and assessment tool for the treatment of social phobia; and more specifically, fear of public speaking. Since abnormal eye contact behavior is a known feature present in social phobia, this consists in an objective evaluation tool. We validated the use of this tool with an experiment conducted over a phobic population and a control group population. Our third validation experiment consisted in evaluating the application we have developed for interaction between a user and a virtual character in the context of fear of public speaking. We have tested our application on a group of healthy people and conducted a case study on a young girl suffering from Asperger syndrome. Finally, our last experiment consisted in validating our application allowing the interaction with crowds of characters in a CAVE environment. We have tested this on a group of healthy people and discussed its application to agoraphobic patients. 120
8.2. Perspectives and Future Work 8.2 Perspectives and Future Work There are several different work directions which could be undertaken with respect to the contributions described in this thesis. 8.2.1 Gaze Interaction for Social Phobia As mentioned in Chapter 3.3, we could enhance our existing algorithm by filtering the eyetracking data in order to have a more overall view of the gaze behaviors, and thus, a more appropriate response in the virtual character behaviors. Concerning the experimental validation, presented in Chapter 6.4, a direction for future work would consist in conducting this study on a phobic population, as we have only done it on a healthy one. Due to the strong reaction we have obtained from our case study subject, we believe that the effect of these character behavior changes could be much more important on a phobic population than in the case of healthy subjects. Moreover, it would be interesting to see if a phobic population would present the same bias towards always attentive characters, as the healthy population did. However, we do not think this would be the case. 8.2.2 Gaze Attention Behaviors for Crowds Regarding our application on attention behaviors for crowds, described in Chapter 4, a first research direction would be to try to add other interest criteria such as color or intensity. It could also be interesting to add sound. Characters could thus react to different sounds depending on the direction they come from. We believe this could greatly enhance the realism of character behaviors. Finally, it could be possible to use our method for navigation, in order for characters to change their behaviors with regards to what they see. Also, our architecture could benefit from a set of top-down rules to attend to specific things or seek for objects or other characters. Another interesting future work direction would be to combine eye-tracking with motion capture in order to animate characters. This would allow the achievement of realistic eye movements and cues on frequency and duration of gaze attention behaviors. This is actually work which is currently in progress. A statistical model of gaze attention behaviors and gestures for crowd characters could then be developed using these captured data. Finally, such a model could be compared to the one proposed in this thesis in order to evaluate the pros and cons of each and to possibly improve simulated gaze attention behaviors. 8.2.3 Gaze Interaction for Agoraphobia Concerning our application which allows for interaction with virtual crowd characters in a CAVE environment, presented in Chapter 5, several improvements could be done. As previously mentioned, instead of having a random mode, an automatic detection of interest points could be added to the application. Eye-tracking could also be used to create more elaborate interactions between the user and the virtual characters, as was done in our application on interaction for social phobia. Concerning the experimental validation, presented in Chapter 7, 121
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Simulating Interactions with Virtua
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3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
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Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
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1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
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1.5. Organization of this Document
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CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
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2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
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2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
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2.3. Motion Editing Peters and O’
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CHAPTER 3 VRET For Social Phobia Mu
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3.2. Creating Scenarios For VRET Fi
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3.3. Eye-Tracking For Interaction F
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3.4. Results can thus determine whe
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3.5. Gaze Behaviors to Enhance Char
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3.6. Discussion 3.6 Discussion Filt
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CHAPTER 4 Simulating Visual Attenti
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4.2. Walking Motion Reconstruction
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4.5. Results Figure 4.4: Illustrati
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4.6. Discussion Cs 100 200 300 400
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CHAPTER 5 Interaction with Virtual
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5.2. Tracking in the CAVE animation
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Page 141 and 142: Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
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