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Chapter 6. Experimental Validations - Social Phobia Figure 6.7: Eye contact behavior during exposure. Top Left: Before treatment example - office situation. Top Right: After treatment example - office situation. Bottom Left: Before treatment example - auditorium situation. Bottom Right: After treatment example - auditorium situation. slight depression and that a score of 10.9(8.1) denotes no depression whatsoever [Bouvard and Cottraux, <strong>20</strong>02], we can conclude that our subjects were not depressive be it at the beginning of the treatment or after its end. This is in line with one of our subject selection criteria, namely, absence of comorbidity. Figures 6.3 to 6.6 show the results to these questionnaires for each subject. The first value is the averaged three weeks before the beginning of the treatment value. As previously mentioned, one of the subjects, C, demonstrated a score evolution contrary to that of all other subjects. The treatment seems to not have worked at all on this subject. 6.2.4.2 Eye-tracking Concerning the evolution of eye contact behaviors, it is different for each subject. Indeed, their gaze behaviors were different to start with and thus evolved differently. However, we have noticed a clear tendency towards improvement in visual contact behaviors. From the recordings we have done, we can see that the virtual character’s face in the office scenario was looked at much more after the end of the treatment than before treatment. There was a noticeable decrease in salient facial feature avoidance. An example of this is depicted in 82
6.2. Clinical Study on VRET for Social Phobia the top row of Figure 6.7. In the auditorium scene, we can also see that the talking virtual characters, the lady in red and the man with the white sweatshirt in the front row, were equally looked at much more after treatment than before treatment. This is depicted in the bottom row of Figure 6.7. Here as well, there was a noticeable decrease in avoidance of eye contact with the interlocutors. On the whole, the eye-tracking results tend to show that eye contact avoidance has diminished after treatment and that looking at the talking person’s face has become less difficult for most subjects. 6.2.5 Discussion Efficacy of VRET. First, we have noticed a general improvement for most subjects after having analyzed all questionnaires. We have equally noticed that the tendencies for each subject were the same over the questionnaires. However, we have seen, in our results, that one of the subjects apparently was not affected by the treatment at all. This leads us to think that certain people are more reactive to VRET than others. Moreover, our therapist collaborator believed that this particular subject rejected VRET due to a different cultural background. This, however, is only a hypothesis and cannot be corroborated by any data. A different study would need to be conducted in order to verify it. Validation of VR as therapeutic tool. Due to the limited size of our sample, we cannot conclude to the validation of VR as a treatment for social phobia. Indeed, statistical significance requires a minimum of 30 subjects. Moreover, our study cannot prove the efficacy of VRET since we did not have a control group (following therapy without VR) or a waiting list. Nevertheless, our results support previous studies in the domain and show that it could be a promising therapeutic tool. More extensive experimentation on a larger cohort and with various groups (therapy without VR and waiting list) would enforce the efficacy of such treatments. Positioning in relation to previous work. As mentioned in Chapter 2.1.1, many studies have been conducted on the evaluation of the potential of VRET to treat social phobia and concluded to the validity of VRET as therapeutic tool. The results we have obtained support those conclusions. Our main contribution though, is to bring in the use of eye-tracking in order to assess and evaluate eye contact behavior progress. Preliminary studies and literature have shown eye contact to be an important factor of social phobia. Our idea in this study was thus to confirm this within a known therapeutic program, and in this sense, we have obtained promising results. Use of eye-tracking as diagnosis and assessment tool. We have observed different gaze behaviors during VR exposure and have obtained a qualitative appreciation of the patients’ gaze avoidance behaviors. After having analyzed the eye-tracking recordings, we have equally noticed an improvement in eye contact behaviors once the therapy was over. This has lead us to think that eye-tracking could be a useful tool in the assessment and diagnosis of eye contact avoidance in people suffering from social phobia. The next experiment presented in this chapter discusses this in detail. 83
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Simulating Interactions with Virtua
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3.2.4 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3 Experimental Protocol . . . . .
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Résumé La Réalité Virtuelle (RV
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Context
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1.3. Contributions in areas of dail
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1.5. Organization of this Document
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CHAPTER 2 State of the Art 2.1 Virt
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2.1. Virtual Reality Exposure Thera
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2.2. Models of Visual Attention Fig
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APPENDIX C List of Abbreviations AS
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APPENDIX D Glossary Acrophobia: acr
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES 2.1
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List of Figures 6.3 Results to the
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Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY American
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Bibliography Dassault Systèmes. ht
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Bibliography Iscan. http://www.isca
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Bibliography A. Mühlberger, M.J. W
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Bibliography B.O. Rothbaum, L.F. Ho
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WHO. The ICD-10 Classification Of M
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