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National Council for Combating <strong>Discrimination</strong> (Romania) <strong>and</strong> The Danish Institute for Human Rights. 359 In Romanian legislation it is considered an aggravating circumstance if a person is discriminated against on more than one ground. 360 In Irel<strong>and</strong>, detailed statistics of cases involving discrimination on more than one ground are available, including the intersection of sexual orientation <strong>and</strong> other grounds. 361 There is rather limited data on LGBT persons’ experiences of multiple discrimination in the EU. According to The National Disability Authority (2005) in Irel<strong>and</strong>, ‘being an accepted member of a subculture is vital to [the] process of valuing one’s own identity <strong>and</strong> social role.’ 362 The experience of not being an accepted member of any subculture or minority community may put members of multiple identity groups in a vulnerable position <strong>and</strong> lead them to establish their own communities. Furthermore, as a European Commission report 363 suggests, the single ground approach may fail to represent the reality of discrimination as it is experienced by individuals with multiple identities. Good practice: In interview, the LGBT NGO Cultuur en Ontspannings-Centrum [COC Netherl<strong>and</strong>s] highlighted that it has established special groups for disabled LGBT persons <strong>and</strong> cooperates with organisations for the elderly. They have opened a café in Nijmegen for mentally disabled gays <strong>and</strong> lesbians. 364 Another Dutch project concerning elderly LGBT persons was initiated by several civil society organisations with government funding. The project identifies the needs of elderly LGBT persons, particularly regarding social <strong>and</strong> medical care. 365 Pilot projects for LGBT youth with a non-Dutch ethnic background are taking place in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague <strong>and</strong> Tilburg focusing on breaking isolation <strong>and</strong> providing counselling, support <strong>and</strong> shelter. 366 Being LGBT <strong>and</strong> part of an ethnic minority The double minority status of LGBT persons expresses itself in different ways <strong>and</strong> generates complex challenges. The coming out process can be particularly difficult for an ethnic minority LGBT person within her/his own community as confirmed during 359 Fieldwork meeting with the Equal Treatment Commission (Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 31 March 2008); The Equality Authority (Irel<strong>and</strong> 3 April 2008); the Danish Institute For Human Rights (Denmark 23 April 2008); the National Council for Combating <strong>Discrimination</strong> (Romania 7 April 2008) 360 Fieldwork meeting with the National Council for Combating <strong>Discrimination</strong> (Romania 7 April 2008) 361 Fieldwork meeting with The Equality Authority (Irel<strong>and</strong> 3 April 2008) 362 National Disability Authority (2005) Disability <strong>and</strong> Sexual Orientation: A Discussion Paper. Dublin: NDA. P. 14 363 European Commission (2007) Tackling Multiple <strong>Discrimination</strong>. Practices, policies <strong>and</strong> laws 364 Fieldwork meeting with the COC (The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 31 March 2008) 365 Fieldwork meeting with the COC (The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 31 March 2008) 366 Fieldwork meeting with the COC (The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s 31 March 2008) Part II - The Social Situation 107
<strong>Homophobia</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Discrimination</strong> on Grounds of Sexual Orientation <strong>and</strong> Gender Identity in the EU Member States 108 interview by an NGO representative in Romania, who stated that ‘Coming out in the Roma community is extremely difficult.’ 367 Another problem arising from the double minority status is an increased risk of hate crime motivated both by racism <strong>and</strong> the victim’s sexual orientation. 'Depending on which part of Berlin I go to, in one I get punched in the mouth because I’m a foreigner <strong>and</strong> in the other because I’m a queen [slang for effeminate transgender or gay male person].' (Transgender, Germany) 368 In a qualitative study from Denmark LGB respondents highlighted the challenge of reconciling an ethnic or religious minority background with LGBT status. 369 In 2005, The National Organisation for Gays <strong>and</strong> Lesbians in Denmark established Salon Oriental, a group for LGBT persons with ethnic minority background specifically to address this challenge. Another NGO, Sabaah, identified 'identity, "coming out", religion, loneliness, family conflicts, parent reactions, relationships <strong>and</strong> gay scene' as areas of concern to LGBT persons with ethnic minority backgrounds. 370 Additionally, a book of interviews with gays <strong>and</strong> lesbians of ethnic minority backgrounds has been published. 371 Some LGBT persons with ethnic minority backgrounds experience racism <strong>and</strong> sexualisation in the wider LGBT community on grounds of their perceived ethnicity, as well as homophobia in ethnic minority communities. According to the United Kingdom Safra Project 372 - run by <strong>and</strong> for Muslim LBT women - many of these women are socially isolated because although they identify themselves as lesbian, bisexual or transgender, they do not participate in the mainstream gay scene, because it is predominantly white <strong>and</strong> its social activities are often alcohol-related. Moreover, racism, Islamophobia <strong>and</strong> cultural insensitivity within the gay scene itself can be alienating factors. Subsequently, many Muslim LBT women feel that they do not belong either to LGBT or Muslim communities. Good practices: Multiple-ground NGOs: Sabaah is a civil society organisation focusing on ethnic minority LGBT persons in Denmark. It was founded to create a social network 367 Fieldwork meeting with Accept (Romania 7 April 2008) 368 BERLIN JOURNAL, 'Gay Muslims Pack a Dance Floor of Their Own'. Published: January 1, 2008, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/01/world/europe/01berlin.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subj ects/R/Religion%20<strong>and</strong>%20Belief (31.07.2008) 369 C. Os<strong>and</strong>er (2005) Københavnerliv - en interviewundersøgelse med homoseksuelle med minoritetsetnisk baggrund. Copenhagen: National Organisation for Gays <strong>and</strong> Lesbians 370 More information available at http://sabaah.dk/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=47 (20.08.2008) 371 M. Fenger-Grøndahl, M.N. Larsen (2007) Den forb<strong>and</strong>ede kærlighed, Copenhagen: CDR-Forlag 372 More information available at http://www.safraproject.org (01.08.2008)
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European Union Agency for Fundament
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Foreword On December 18 2008 the UN
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Contents FOREWORD .................
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Executive Summary Background The pr
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Fear of discrimination, homophobia
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usually young men in groups. In rec
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Bullying and haras
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Asylum Although all Member States r
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Opinions According to Art 4(1)(d) o
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more public awareness on LGBT issue
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25. Sports organisations or institu
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Introduction ‘Respect for the rig
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Clarification of terms and<
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assigned to them at birth. This inc
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Methodology The present analysis re
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PART I: Lesbians, gay men, bisexual
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in 2003 by the Campaign Against <st
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impact that I think profoundly affe
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These results come as no surprise.
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‘came out’ to their parents. In
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Legislation regarding homophobic ha
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and National Equal
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'A group of young people from my to
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Several factors may contribute to t
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eveal that the National Equality Bo
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'We must say a clear "no" to all th
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The Office of the Equal Opportuniti
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Bans In recent years there have bee
Page 58 and 59: news media. Violent attacks on demo
Page 60 and 61: efused to rent office space to the
Page 62 and 63: A Finnish study 153 indicated that
Page 64 and 65: National Equality Bodies There is a
Page 66 and 67: Interviews with National Equality B
Page 68 and 69: Research on workplace experiences T
Page 70 and 71: Another United Kingdom study, 194 b
Page 72 and 73: Conclusions LGBT persons are subjec
Page 74 and 75: In interview, the Belgian LGBT NGO
Page 76 and 77: ‘horseplay’ or ‘messing aroun
Page 78 and 79: LGBT youth examined suggested that
Page 80 and 81: educational curricula, as it contri
Page 82 and 83: on the grounds of their sexual orie
Page 84 and 85: 'I was an out patient at hospital <
Page 86 and 87: general population, and</st
Page 88 and 89: I.7. Religious institutions It was
Page 90 and 91: specified. The EU has criticized th
Page 92 and 93: I.8. Sports This section addresses
Page 94 and 95: issue of homophobia or the situatio
Page 96 and 97: I.9. Media This section examines ho
Page 98 and 99: appear as heterosexuals in order to
Page 100 and 101: Conclusions Incidents of homophobic
Page 102 and 103: In other Member States data indicat
Page 104 and 105: interaction with police was support
Page 106 and 107: Conclusions All the Member States i
Page 110 and 111: empowering ethnic minority LGBT peo
Page 112 and 113: Conclusions People with multiple id
Page 114 and 115: ief overview is given here in order
Page 116 and 117: e closely linked with, among other
Page 118 and 119: sexual abuse (4 per cent) were also
Page 120 and 121: eported that they were afraid of ha
Page 122 and 123: The Labour Market There is no evide
Page 124 and 125: to to provide LGBTQ student organis
Page 126 and 127: towards gender identity are common
Page 128 and 129: Good practice: In the United Kingdo
Page 130 and 131: Elderly transgender people have bee
Page 132 and 133: Homophobia, transp
Page 134 and 135: Annex 1 Country Report Authors Coun
Page 136 and 137: Annex 2 Stakeholder E - Questionnai
Page 138 and 139: 2. A minority accepts 3. Half of p
Page 140 and 141: 4. Almost full recognition 5. Tota
Page 142 and 143: 4. Good protection 5. High protect
Page 144 and 145: 31. Please state your assessment of
Page 146 and 147: Asylum and family
Page 148 and 149: 48. Primary education (Basic school
Page 150 and 151: Don't know Does not apply/Not rele
Page 152 and 153: 4. Somewhat high level of awareness
Page 154 and 155: 76. If you have any further comment
Page 156: European Union Agency for Fundament
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