Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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The price of beef (as culled cows) was similar in Peru and Costa Rica (US$0.60/kg LW), but lower in Nicaragua (US$0.50/kg LW). However, the price of the animals was higher in Costa Rica, followed by Peru. Nicaragua had the lowest prices for beef and live animals for all categories. The labor cost also differs dramatically among countries, ranging from US$1.75/day in Nicaragua to US$8.80/day in Costa Rica, including social benefits. These differences in labor cost affect the establishment cost of forage alternatives most, which are higher in Costa Rica and lower in Nicaragua. Similarly, the commercial value of land also contrasted, ranging from US$200/ha in Pucallpa, Peru, to US$2,364/ha in Esparza, Costa Rica. The main reason for this contrast lies in the high level of public infrastructure and proximity to markets found in Costa Rica, as well as its long social and economic stability compared with Pucallpa (Peru) or Esquipulas (Nicaragua). All factors indicated above contribute to a higher capital investment per farm in Costa Rica, with a commercial value of US$280,000/farm, compared with an average value of US$53,000/farm in Peru and US$45,000/farm in Nicaragua. Of these figures, land and livestock are the main investment in all countries. Therefore, the value of land accounts for 77% of the capital invested in Costa Rica, 44% in Nicaragua, and 28% in Peru, while livestock represents 15% in Costa Rica, 41% in Nicaragua, and 56% in Peru. Production costs and income. Table 3 presents an estimate of direct production costs (variable + cash costs) during 1997, gross income, net cash flow, and current profitability on invested capital. Labor cost is the most important production cost in Peru (43%) and Costa Rica (63%), and the second most important in Nicaragua (32%). This category includes family labor valued as minimum wage. The second most important category is supplementation costs, except in Nicaragua, where it was the most important cost. Total production cost of milk differed significantly in the three countries, ranging from US$0.20/kg in Esquipulas (Nicaragua) to US$0.23/kg in Esparza (Costa Rica) to US$0.29/kg in Pucallpa (Peru). The principal reason for the low production cost in Nicaragua is because labor cost is 5 times lower than in Costa Rica and 2.5 times lower than in Peru. 92
Table 3. Direct production costs, gross income, net cash flow, and family labor retribution in dual-purpose systems in Peru, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Variable Peru Costa Rica Nicaragua Direct production cost (US$/farm per year) (n=9) (n=7) (n=4) Hired labor 257 5,586 1,155 Family labor 1,606 3,212 630 Total permanent labor (no./farm) 1.16 2.74 2.83 Animal supplementation 683 2,848 2,205 Animal health 784 224 390 Maintenance infrastructure & equipment 727 1,617 817 Others 318 549 427 Total 4,375 14,036 5,624 Cost/kg of milk 0.29 0.23 0.20 Cost of labor as % of total 43 63 32 Gross income (US$/farm per year) 6,018 17,856 6,759 Milk-derived income 3,643 13,572 5,019 Sale of culled cows 970 1,490 760 Sale of calves Net cash flow 1,405 2,794 980 US$/farm per year 1,643 3,820 1,135 US$/ha per year 29 49 23 US$/cow per year 54 81 39 Retribution to family labor (US$/day) 8.90 19.27 4.83 Number of times minimum wage 2.02 2.19 2.76 Annual profitability on invested capital (%) 2.87 1.37 2.53 Production costs in Pucallpa, Peru, are high and above the international price of milk (US$2,000/t, equivalent to 130 g of powdered milk/liter of fluid milk, or US$0.26/kg fluid milk), mainly because of the low milk yields/cow (3.0 kg/cow per day) and the small proportion of milking cows (41.5%) regarding its counterparts in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Regarding gross sales, most come from milk (60% in Peru, 76% in Costa Rica, and 74% in Nicaragua). The rest of income is represented by the sale of weaned calves and culled cows. Estimated monthly family income was US$270 for Pucallpa (Peru), US$586 for Esparza (Costa Rica), and US$147 for Nicaragua. However, this 93
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
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In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
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(Continued) Component Activity Outs
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Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
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FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
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RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
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during the rainy season, samplings
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Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Table 3. Effect of three types of p
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References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
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Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
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Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
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Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
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Table 1. Effect of level and freque
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Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
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Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
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argentea (taking into account cutti
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Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
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A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
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argentea is recommended over the us
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The silos were left to ferment for
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References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
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y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
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Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 57 and 58: Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59 and 60: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62: increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90: Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92: Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94: Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 109 and 110: Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112: Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114: Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124: with a dry season between May and A
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128: Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130: Materials and Methods Data for this
Page 131 and 132: Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
Page 135 and 136: adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Use of a simulation model
Page 139 and 140: The production cost/kg milk was low
Page 141 and 142: level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144: income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145 and 146: Table 10. Annual seed requirements
Page 147 and 148: Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150: Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
Page 151 and 152: Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154: Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156: The third need identified in Hondur
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artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160:
Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
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Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
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Production of Brochures for Extensi
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with heavy soils and frequent rains
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systems, its use by ruminants can b
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Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
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growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
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Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
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LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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