Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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The Need for Forage Technologies in the Alto Mayo Region of the Peruvian Amazon Sam Fujisaka 1 , Deysi Lara 2 , Keneth Reategui 1 , Julio Montenegro 3 , Robinson Ventura 3 , Miguel Diaz 4 , Roberto Diaz 4 , and Douglas White 1 CIAT (1), FUNDAAM (2), CTAR (3), and MAG-Peru (4) Researchers from the Fundación del Alto Mayo (FUNDAAM), the Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) of Peru, the Consejo Transitorio Agropecuario Regional (CTAR), and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) conducted a diagnostic field survey to evaluate feeding systems for dualpurpose cattle in the Alto Mayo Region, Department of San Martin, in the Peruvian Amazon. The study was carried out in four communities (Nuevo Cajamarca, Soritor, Habana, and Rioja), where farmers owned, on average, some 25-30 head of cattle, with 4 to 10 cows being milked at any given time throughout the year. Farm size ranged between 25 and 33 ha, of which 16-18 ha were sown to pastures. The most common species was Brachiaria decumbens, followed by B. brizantha. The milk produced in the region is mainly marketed through a processing plant that sells milk to the government for a social project providing milk to schoolchildren. The invasion of weeds and wet-season trampling, which caused soil compaction, were the most frequent pasture management problems. Livestock was affected by parasites and diseases. In addition to livestock production, the farmers also depend on subsistence crops such as irrigated rice and coffee. The survey indicated that the lack of improved forages was a constraint to enhanced herd productivity in the region. In the four communities surveyed, several farmers had established cut-and-carry forages, mainly elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and king grass (Pennisetum sp.). These farmers had also installed improved milking and feeding stalls and infrastructure for animal feeding. Because of the low prices paid for raw milk, many producers allocated the milk produced to late-weaned calves rather than to market. Materials and Methods The study area was located in the piedmont region of the Peruvian Amazon region, at 1,000 masl. Average annual precipitation was 1,380 mm, 108
with a dry season between May and August. Mean annual temperature was 22 ˚C. The survey covered 52 producers; interviews were informal, but structured around a series of themes. Data were tabulated and analyzed each day after field visits. Interview themes for the following day were modified daily based on findings of the previous day. The research team spent the last day of the intensive 4-day diagnostic survey process to draw conclusions and discuss implications for future needs of research and collaboration. Results Cattle numbers were determined on 18 farms in Nuevo Cajamarca and 22 farms in Soritor. On the farms in Nuevo Cajamarca, the mean herd size was 32 animals, ranging between 6 and 70. This number included 15 cows, of which nine were being milked (Table 1). The ratio of cows to herd size and milking cows to dry cows were typical of the study area. Herd size varied. In Soritor and Nuevo Cajamarca, 30% of the producers interviewed had up to 15 head of cattle (13 on average), 53% had between 16 and 49 (31 on average), and 18% had 50 or more head (62 on average). The ratio of small-, medium-, and large-scale operations appeared be characteristic of the whole area visited. Taking Soritor (where herd size averaged 26 head) as example, producers reported, on average, 8 births (ranging between 2 and 21), 2 accidental or disease-related deaths (ranging between 0 and 10), and five sales during the year immediately before (ranging between 0 and17) (Table 1). Table 1. Livestock inventory in Nuevo Cajamarca and Soritor (Alto Mayo, Peru). Cattle inventory Total Categories Cows Milking cows Bulls Births Deaths Sales Nuevo Cajamarca Soritor Average Range Average Range 32 15 9 1.4 11 1.5 4 6-70 2-60 0-30 0-5 0-30 0-4 0.14 109 26 11 4 1.3 8 2 5 5-65 3-27 0-17 0-3 2-21 0-10 0-17
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
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In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
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(Continued) Component Activity Outs
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Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
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FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
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RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
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during the rainy season, samplings
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Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Table 3. Effect of three types of p
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References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
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Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
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Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
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Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
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Table 1. Effect of level and freque
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Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
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Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
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argentea (taking into account cutti
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Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
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A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
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argentea is recommended over the us
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The silos were left to ferment for
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References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
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y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
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Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
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Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
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Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
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Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
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increase in milk yield when offered
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Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
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associated pasture. Also, the perce
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that of cows grazing sole cropped p
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Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90: Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92: Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94: Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108: Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110: Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112: Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114: Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128: Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130: Materials and Methods Data for this
Page 131 and 132: Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
Page 135 and 136: adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Use of a simulation model
Page 139 and 140: The production cost/kg milk was low
Page 141 and 142: level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144: income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145 and 146: Table 10. Annual seed requirements
Page 147 and 148: Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150: Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
Page 151 and 152: Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154: Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156: The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158: artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160: Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162: Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163 and 164: Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 165 and 166: with heavy soils and frequent rains
Page 167 and 168: systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170: Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172: growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
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Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
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LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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