Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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with phosphorus at the beginning of the rains, yield, on the average, 50 to 70 g of pure seed/plant (CIAT, 1999). However, the date of the uniformity cut affects first flowering and, as a result, the potential seed yield. Plants cut toward the end of the rainy season or within the dry season tend to flower little, forming few fruits. Cratylia argentea seed does not have marked physical (due to hardness of seed coat) or physiological dormancy, and can lose its viability relatively quickly if it is stored under the temperature and humidity conditions prevailing in the lowland tropics. Nutritive Value The usable forage of 3-month-old C. argentea (leaves + thin and tender stems) has a CP content of 23%, but this figure varies from 19% to 26% according to the plant’s age. Similarly, the in vitro dry matter digestibility of C. argentea ranges between 40% and 55%, which is higher than that of other shrub legumes adapted to acid soils, such as Codariocalyx giroides (30%) and Flemingia macrophylla (20%). The high percentage of CP and the low content of condensed tannins found in C. argentea make this legume an excellent source of nitrogen for the ruminant (Wilson and Lascano, 1997). Use and Management Cratylia argentea has shown that it is an excellent protein supplement in diets for dairy cows grazing poor quality grasses during the dry season. The highest response has been from cows with medium and high dairy potential and fed the legume as fresh and chopped or as ensiled, together with high-energy sources such as sugarcane. For example, for Jersey cows, as much as 66% of commercial concentrate can be replaced by C. argentea, either fresh or ensiled, without significant loss in milk production. The ensiled diet tends toward higher fat than does the fresh-legume diet (Romero and Gonzalez, 2000). Similar results have been reported for dual-purpose cows, which were offered a daily diet of 12 kg of chopped sugarcane, 6 kg of chopped or ensiled C. argentea, and 0.6 kg of rice polishings (Table 1) (Lobo and Acuña, 2000). Of the three supplements, fresh C. argentea was the most economical, because of its lower costs and the cows’ significantly higher milk production. Cratylia argentea can also be used in direct grazing (“browsing”), with the legume either established as a protein bank or planted in bands within the paddocks. Experiment results showed that grazing cows having access to a bank of C. argentea consumed more mature foliage and less immature forage. A major advantage of this legume, therefore, is that, in direct grazing 152
systems, its use by ruminants can be deferred to the dry season. No other management practices need be followed. Table 1. Average milk production of dual-purpose cows given supplements of either chicken manure or of the legume Cratylia argentea, offered either fresh or ensiled, during the dry season on a farm in Esparza, Costa Rica. Dieta Milk (kg/cow per day) Ensiled Cratylia 5.1 Fresh Cratylia 5.5 Chicken manure 5.3 Fat (%) 153 Cost of supplement/cow per day (US$) Cost:benefit ratio 3.6 0.164 1.6 3.4 0.109 2.4 3.0 0.217 1.1 a. Chicken manure, sugarcane, and rice polishing were each offered at 3 kg/cow per day. Fresh C. argentea contained 20.0% CP and 1.8 Mcal of ME, while the ensiled legume had 16.5% CP and 1.9 Mcal ME. The pH for ensiled Cratylia was 4.5 and digestibility was 36%. In evaluations where cuts were made every 8 weeks during the rainy season and every 12 weeks during the dry season, C. argentea responded very well. Adult plants that were more than 1 year old had the highest yield and quality of forage when cut at 90 cm and after the respective 60 days’ regrowth (Lobo et al., unpublished data). Total yield can range between 2 and 4 t DM/cut, although this depends on sowing density and the plant’s age. A sowing density of 1.0 × 0.5 m gave the highest yield/ha when planting C. argentea as protein bank. The legume’s good response to cutting shows the high potential that it has for “cut-and-carry” systems. Limitations Cratylia argentea does not adapt well to climates found above 1200 masl—at least, the most advanced ecotypes being evaluated (CIAT 18516 and CIAT 18668) do not. This legume establishes slowly, but more quickly than do other shrub legumes. The forage yields are also low during the first year of establishment. References Lobo Di Palma, M. and Acuña, R. 2000. Efecto de la suplementación con Cratylia argentea cv. Veraniega fresca y ensilada en vacas de doble propósito en el trópico subhúmedo de Costa rica. In: Holmann, F. and Lascano, C. (eds.). Final Report Tropileche Project. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). (in press).
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
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In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
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(Continued) Component Activity Outs
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Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
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FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
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RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
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during the rainy season, samplings
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Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Table 3. Effect of three types of p
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References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
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Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
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Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
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Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
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Table 1. Effect of level and freque
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Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
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Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
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argentea (taking into account cutti
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Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
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A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
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argentea is recommended over the us
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The silos were left to ferment for
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References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
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y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
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Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
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Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
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Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
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Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
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increase in milk yield when offered
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Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
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associated pasture. Also, the perce
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that of cows grazing sole cropped p
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Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
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Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
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Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
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Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
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Table 1. Average milk production, t
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Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
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U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
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In the case of king grass, estimate
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Milk production during the season o
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Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
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Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
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Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
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Application of the Model to Researc
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Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
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Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
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Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
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Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
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Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
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Resource prices and capital investm
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Table 3. Direct production costs, g
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Production costs decreased as produ
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Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
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Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124: with a dry season between May and A
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128: Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130: Materials and Methods Data for this
Page 131 and 132: Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
Page 135 and 136: adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Use of a simulation model
Page 139 and 140: The production cost/kg milk was low
Page 141 and 142: level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144: income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145 and 146: Table 10. Annual seed requirements
Page 147 and 148: Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150: Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
Page 151 and 152: Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154: Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156: The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158: artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160: Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162: Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163 and 164: Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 165: with heavy soils and frequent rains
Page 169 and 170: Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172: growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
Page 173 and 174: Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
Page 175 and 176: International Seminars Argel, P. J.
Page 177 and 178: LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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