Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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Defining Milk Urea Nitrogen Concentrations for Optimum Recommendations of Protein-to-Energy Ratios in Tropical Forage Diets Patricia Avila and Carlos Lascano CIAT, Colombia When there is an excess of nitrogen relative to energy in the rumen, ruminal ammonia concentration increases. Unused ruminal ammonia enters the portal blood through the rumen wall and is transferred to the liver where it is detoxified by conversion to urea. The liver also produces urea from deamination of amino acids rising from postruminal digestion and systemic protein turnover. Urea then circulates in the blood to the kidneys and is excreted with the urine or it can be diffused from the blood into milk. When there is a deficiency of dietary proteins, ruminal ammonia concentrations are relatively low and the proportion of nitrogen recycled back to the rumen as urea increases. As a result of these metabolic transactions, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is highly correlated with ruminal ammonia and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). Therefore, in healthy ruminants, MUN concentrations could be a good indicator of the protein-to-energy ratio in the diet. The study aimed to determine the level of urea in the milk that could be used as reference to increase the protein content to supplement diets, with a high probability that cows will respond by increasing milk production. Materials and Methods The study was carried out between 1992 and 1995 at the CIAT- Quilichao experiment station on contrasting pastures of Andropogon gayanus and Brachiaria dictyoneura. Two groups of four Brahman x Holstein cows were submitted to grazing on each pasture, with a 7-day period to adjust cows to the diet and 7 days of measurements. Milk yields were recorded during the 7-day measurement period, and milk samples for urea content were taken on days 1, 4, and 7 of each period. A 4 x 4 Latin square experiment design was used. Results Figure 1 shows the relationship between milk yield increase and MUN of cows supplemented with Cratylia argentea and sugarcane. Four groups can be identified, one in each quadrant. In the first group, cows showed an 46
increase in milk yield when offered a legume supplement when the level of urea in milk was 10 mg/dL. This group was mostly composed of Brahman cows. Milk production increase due to legume supplementation (%) with respect to the control (sugarcane alone) 56 42 28 14 0 -14 -28 0 4 8 12 16 20 Figure 1. Relationship between milk yield increase and urea level in milk of grazing cows supplemented with Cratylia argentea and sugarcane. Conclusions Urea in milk (mg/dL) These results suggest a urea level in milk of about 10 mg/dl could be used as a benchmark figure to increase dietary protein content with a high probability that milking cows will respond with increased milk yields provided demonstrated genetic potential. Furthermore, these results suggest that crossbred cows respond to legume supplementation, even when MUN levels are above 10 mg/dL. This did not seem to be the case for most Brahman- or Zebu-type cows. 47
Page 1 and 2:
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
Page 9 and 10: In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
Page 11 and 12: (Continued) Component Activity Outs
Page 13 and 14: Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
Page 15 and 16: FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
Page 17 and 18: RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
Page 19 and 20: during the rainy season, samplings
Page 21 and 22: Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26: References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29 and 30: Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36: Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37 and 38: Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 39 and 40: argentea (taking into account cutti
Page 41 and 42: Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44: A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46: argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48: The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50: References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52: y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53 and 54: Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 57 and 58: Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90: Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92: Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94: Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108: Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110: Production costs decreased as produ
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Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
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Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
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With this alternative, the milk pro
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Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
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Table 2. Change in area of improved
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Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
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with a dry season between May and A
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From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
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Research Recommendations Based on r
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Materials and Methods Data for this
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Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
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Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
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adoption level requires the lowest
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Table 6. Use of a simulation model
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The production cost/kg milk was low
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level of adoption can be regarded a
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income was lower or equal to 6 mont
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Table 10. Annual seed requirements
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Nicaragua. In addition, this level
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Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
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Results and Discussion Collection o
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Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
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The third need identified in Hondur
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artisan cheese factories milk with
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Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
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Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
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Production of Brochures for Extensi
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with heavy soils and frequent rains
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systems, its use by ruminants can b
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Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
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growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
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Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
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LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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