Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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Experiment 2. Six milking cows of third parturition were selected from a group of 11 animals with similar breed characteristics (3/4 Swiss Brown and 1/4 Zebu) on a farm located in San Miguel de Barranca, Esparza. All cows were in their second month of lactation and producing, on average, 5.5 kg milk/day. After milking, forage supplements were offered individually for 3 hours. The experiment design and animal management used were similar to those of Experiment 1. The treatments evaluated were as follows: T1, 12 kg sugar cane, 6 kg C. argentea silage, and 0.6 kg semolina; T2, 12 kg sugarcane, 6 kg fresh C. argentea, and 0.6 kg semolina; and T3, 12 kg sugarcane, 3 kg chicken manure, and 0.6 kg semolina. For T2, a heap silo was built for C. argentea plants at 4 months regrowth that had been previously chopped. Molasses was gradually added at 10% weight basis of material for ensilage as the silage was being compacted. Silage was first used 4 months after being ensiled and its quality was determined by measuring pH, percentage of CP, DM content, and several organoleptic characteristics such as odor and color. Results Experiment 1. Milk production differed significantly between treatments (P = 0.076) (Table 1). Higher milk production was obtained when chicken manure was offered as protein supplement. No significant differences occurred between treatments when chicken manure was replaced with C. argentea. Milk production of cows not receiving protein supplement was similar to that reached with T2. This could be attributed, among other factors, to the high availability of fruits of the cohune palm (Acrocomia vinifera) existing in the pastures and to which the cows had access, as well as the consumption of several other sources of feed available during the dry season. The results of greatest interest in this study are reflected in the economic indicators, for example, the cost of supplements, the income obtained by sale of milk, and the cost:benefit ratio. Replacing chicken manure with C. argentea reduces the costs/kg supplement from US$0.217 to US$0.11, thus doubling the benefits of the investment. The consumption of C. argentea was good and was not rejected by the animals. 62
Table 1. Average milk production, total solids content, and cost:benefit ratio of dual-purpose cows receiving supplements of different protein sources (Experiment 1). Treatment Milk production (kg/cow) Total solids (%) Fat (%) Cost of supplement (US$/kg) 63 Price of milk (US$/kg) Cost:benefit ratio 1 5.5 b* 11.2 3.1 - 0.235 - 2 5.9 a b 11.5 3.2 0.109 0.241 2.2 3 6.3 a 11.2 2.9 0.217 0.235 1.1 * Values in the same column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P = 0.076), according to Waller-Duncan’s test. Experiment 2. Milk production was highest in the treatment in which fresh C. argentea was offered; however, this treatment did not differ statistically from the treatment offering chicken manure or from the treatment offering ensiled Cratylia (Table 2). The silage obtained was highly palatable and of good quality (pH 4.5, 16.5% CP, and 36% DM). Silage quality can accordingly be ranked as excellent (González et al., 1990). Milk quality did not differ among treatments; however, total solids and fat in milk were slightly higher in T1 (ensiled C. argentea) and T2 (fresh C. argentea) than in T3, which included chicken manure. The lowest production costs occurred in T2 and the highest in T3. However, the highest income per sale of milk was obtained with T1 and the lowest with T3. These results indicate that the highest economic benefit was obtained with T2, followed by T1 and T3. Table 2. Average milk production, total solids content, and cost:benefit ratio in dual-purpose cows supplemented with different sources of protein (Experiment 2). Treatment Milk production (kg/cow) Total solids (%) Fat (%) Cost of supplement (US$/kg) Price of milk (US$/kg) Cost:benefit ratio 1 5.1 b* 12.3 3.6 0.164 0.260 1.6 2 5.5 a 12.2 3.4 0.109 0.256 2.3 3 5.3 a b 11.7 3.0 0.217 0.245 1.1 * Values in the same column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P = 0.08), according to Waller-Duncan’s test.
Page 1 and 2:
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
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In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
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(Continued) Component Activity Outs
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Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
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FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
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RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
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during the rainy season, samplings
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Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26: References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29 and 30: Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36: Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37 and 38: Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 39 and 40: argentea (taking into account cutti
Page 41 and 42: Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44: A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46: argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48: The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50: References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52: y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53 and 54: Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 57 and 58: Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59 and 60: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62: increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90: Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92: Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94: Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108: Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110: Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112: Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114: Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124: with a dry season between May and A
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
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Research Recommendations Based on r
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Materials and Methods Data for this
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Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
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Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
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adoption level requires the lowest
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Table 6. Use of a simulation model
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The production cost/kg milk was low
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level of adoption can be regarded a
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income was lower or equal to 6 mont
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Table 10. Annual seed requirements
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Nicaragua. In addition, this level
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Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
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Results and Discussion Collection o
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Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
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The third need identified in Hondur
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artisan cheese factories milk with
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Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
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Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
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Production of Brochures for Extensi
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with heavy soils and frequent rains
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systems, its use by ruminants can b
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Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
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growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
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Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
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LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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