Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar
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Table 3. Direct production costs, gross income, net cash flow, and family labor<br />
retribution in dual-purpose systems in Peru, Costa Rica, and<br />
Nicaragua.<br />
Variable Peru Costa Rica Nicaragua<br />
Direct production cost (US$/farm per year)<br />
(n=9) (n=7) (n=4)<br />
Hired labor 257 5,586 1,155<br />
Family labor 1,606 3,212 630<br />
Total permanent labor (no./farm) 1.16 2.74 2.83<br />
Animal supplementation 683 2,848 2,205<br />
Animal health 784 224 390<br />
Maintenance infrastructure & equipment 727 1,617 817<br />
Others 318 549 427<br />
Total 4,375 14,036 5,624<br />
Cost/kg of milk 0.29 0.23 0.20<br />
Cost of labor as % of <strong>to</strong>tal 43 63 32<br />
Gross income (US$/farm per year) 6,018 17,856 6,759<br />
Milk-derived income 3,643 13,572 5,019<br />
Sale of culled cows 970 1,490 760<br />
Sale of calves<br />
Net cash flow<br />
1,405 2,794 980<br />
US$/farm per year 1,643 3,820 1,135<br />
US$/ha per year 29 49 23<br />
US$/cow per year 54 81 39<br />
Retribution <strong>to</strong> family labor (US$/day) 8.90 19.27 4.83<br />
Number of times minimum wage 2.02 2.19 2.76<br />
Annual profitability on invested capital (%) 2.87 1.37 2.53<br />
Production costs in Pucallpa, Peru, are high and above the international<br />
price of milk (US$2,000/t, equivalent <strong>to</strong> 130 g of powdered milk/liter of fluid<br />
milk, or US$0.26/kg fluid milk), mainly because of the low milk yields/cow<br />
(3.0 kg/cow per day) and the small proportion of milking cows (41.5%)<br />
regarding its counterparts in Costa Rica and Nicaragua.<br />
Regarding gross sales, most come from milk (60% in Peru, 76% in Costa<br />
Rica, and 74% in Nicaragua). The rest of income is represented by the sale of<br />
weaned calves and culled cows.<br />
Estimated monthly family income was US$270 for Pucallpa (Peru),<br />
US$586 for Esparza (Costa Rica), and US$147 for Nicaragua. However, this<br />
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