Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Cratylia argentea: A Shrub Legume for Livestock Production in the Tropics Pedro Argel 1 , Jesús Gonzalez 2 , and Marco Lobo 3 CIAT, Colombia (1), and ECAG (2) and MAG (3), Costa Rica Cratylia argentea (synonyms = C. floribunda, Dioclea floribunda) is a shrub legume that are evaluated and selected by the MAG, ECAG, UCR, and CIAT for its adaptability to prolonged dry seasons and acid soils in Costa Rica. Description Cratylia argentea is a shrub that grows naturally in Brazil. Its distribution ranges, in a north-south direction, from the State of Pará to the States of Mato Grosso and Goiás and, in an east-west direction, from the State of Ceará to Peru. The shrub is between 1.5 and 3.0 m high when it grows in the open, but becomes a climbing liana when associated with larger plants. Adaptation Cratylia argentea grows naturally at altitudes between 0 and 930 masl, although most individuals are found between 300 and 800 masl. In Costa Rica, this legume adapts well to a broad range of climates and soils, particularly to subhumid climates and to acid Ultisols, which are poor soils with high aluminum content. Even so, the plant responds to fertile soils, and the highest yields have been reported from fertile sites in the humid tropics. Nevertheless, the shrub does not tolerate poorly drained sites or heavy soils that are frequently saturated in rainy seasons. The shrub has an outstanding capacity to regrow and shows high foliar retention during dry seasons. A major reason is the development of vigorous roots that can be as long as 2 m. Thus, between 30% and 40% of the total DM yield can be produced during that critical period of the year—the dry season. Pests and Diseases So far, neither pests nor diseases of economic importance have been reported in C. argentea. At some sites, isolated cases of plant death have been observed during establishment. The causal agents were “jobotos” or dung beetles (Melolonthidae sp.) in the soil, crickets, and leaf-cutting ants. For adult plants, isolated cases of death have also been reported from sites 150
with heavy soils and frequent rains. Roots of infected plants have been found to carry fungi of the genera Pythium and Fusarium, although these were not proven to be the direct cause of mortality. In other similar cases of plant death, nematodes were found near the stem crown. Pod blight, caused by the fungal genera Phoma and Cladosporium, has been observed when flowering and fruiting occur under rainy conditions with high relative humidity. Planting Cratylia argentea propagates easily through seed, whereas vegetative propagation through stakes has, so far, not been successful. Because seeds are soft they do not need scarifying, but they need to be sown close to the soil’s surface, that is, no more than 2 cm deep. Deep sowing causes seed rot, retards seedling emergence, and produces plants with less developed root systems. Sowing may be direct into the field with minimum tillage or after conventional land preparation with plow and harrow. Seeds may also be sown in bags for later transplanting to the field. Depending on soil fertility, fertilization is, ideally, with phosphorus (100 to 150 kg/ha of triple superphosphate). Cratylia argentea seeds respond to inoculation with the strains of the cowpea type of Rhizobium, which are very common in tropical soils. Recent experiments show that the legume responds well to effective nodule formation by Rhizobium strains CIAT 3561 and 3564, particularly in acid soils with high aluminum content. Cratylia argentea grows slowly, at least during the first 2 months after sowing, even though its seedlings are more vigorous than those of other shrubby legumes. Seed Production and Quality Flowering in C. argentea is abundant but poorly synchronized and starts at the end of the rainy season in the lowland tropics. Plants can flower the first year they are established, but seed yields are low. Flowering lasts 3 months and pollinating insects are commonly seen around the flowers. First fruits are mature about one and a half months after pollination, and fruiting continues through the next 2 or 3 months. Harvesting seed is therefore a continuous process, carried out manually, once a week, throughout most of the dry season (February and March). Seed yield depends on genotype, plant age, cutting management, and prevailing environmental conditions during flowering and fruiting. In Atenas, Costa Rica, 3-year-old plants, cut at 30 cm height, and fertilized 151
Page 1 and 2:
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
Page 3 and 4:
Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
Page 5 and 6:
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 7 and 8:
At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
Page 9 and 10:
In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
Page 11 and 12:
(Continued) Component Activity Outs
Page 13 and 14:
Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
Page 15 and 16:
FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
Page 17 and 18:
RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
Page 19 and 20:
during the rainy season, samplings
Page 21 and 22:
Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 23 and 24:
Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26:
References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28:
Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29 and 30:
Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 31 and 32:
Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
Page 33 and 34:
Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36:
Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37 and 38:
Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 39 and 40:
argentea (taking into account cutti
Page 41 and 42:
Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44:
A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46:
argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48:
The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50:
References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52:
y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53 and 54:
Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55 and 56:
Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59 and 60:
Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62:
increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64:
Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66:
associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68:
that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70:
Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72:
Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74:
Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76:
Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78:
Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80:
Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82:
U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84:
In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86:
Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88:
Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90:
Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92:
Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94:
Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96:
Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98:
Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100:
Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102:
Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104:
Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106:
Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110:
Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112:
Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114: Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124: with a dry season between May and A
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128: Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130: Materials and Methods Data for this
Page 131 and 132: Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
Page 135 and 136: adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Use of a simulation model
Page 139 and 140: The production cost/kg milk was low
Page 141 and 142: level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144: income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145 and 146: Table 10. Annual seed requirements
Page 147 and 148: Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150: Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
Page 151 and 152: Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154: Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156: The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158: artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160: Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162: Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163: Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 167 and 168: systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170: Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172: growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
Page 173 and 174: Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
Page 175 and 176: International Seminars Argel, P. J.
Page 177 and 178: LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
show all

Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?