Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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Rica, 47 ha in Honduras, and 97 ha in Nicaragua, whereas for sugarcane 374 ha are needed in Costa Rica, 61 ha in Honduras, and 800 ha in Nicaragua. Strategy to Promote the Adoption of New Technologies The requirements to reach a level of adoption similar to Level 1 are relatively easy to achieve given the large benefits that can be obtained in terms of reduced production costs and increased cash flow due to the substitution of purchased inputs with improved germplasm. Use of family labor, frequently underutilized or with a very low opportunity cost, especially in Nicaragua and Honduras, is more efficient. The strategy to ensure successful adoption of Level 1 and subsequent advance toward other levels of adoption consists in establishing strategic alliances with organized farmers groups and/or extension agencies. These alliances allow the: • Identification of producers interested in establishing seed multiplication plots on their farms so that they become facilitators for the local expansion of new areas in each region, and • Creation of a followup mechanism to find markets for the seed produced, by identifying early adopters. Conclusions The potential benefits that result from the progressive adoption of new forage options based on grasses and legumes validated by the Tropileche Consortium include the following: • Level 1 of adoption (new germplam based on Cratylia and sugarcane to substitute feed supplements for herds) allows producers in all three countries to completely eliminate the need to purchase feed supplements for the herd, especially during the dry season. This effect has a large impact on the cash flow of producers because milk production cost can be reduced by 14% in Costa Rica, by 25% in Honduras, and by 11% in Nicaragua. • Level 2 of adoption (areas of Cratylia and sugarcane similar to Level 1, plus variable areas of Brachiaria in each country) not only offers the benefits obtained with Level 1, but also allows the producer to maintain the same milk production and herd size in a smaller area, thus releasing areas to be allocated to other alternative uses. The released areas vary from 9% in the case of Honduras to 39% in Costa Rica and 45% in 132
Nicaragua. In addition, this level of adoption reduces milk production cost as compared to Level 1 by an additional 11% in Costa Rica, 8% in Honduras, and 12% in Nicaragua. • Level 3 of adoption (areas of Cratylia and sugarcane larger than in Levels 1 and 2, plus pastures of Brachiaria +Arachis in association) presents the most intensive productivity and requires the highest level of capital investment. The highest milk productivity/ha is achieved with this level of adoption—1,390 kg/ha in Costa Rica, 1,530 kg/ha in Honduras, and 964 kg/ha in Nicaragua—as well as the highest stocking rate—1.56 AU/ha in Costa Rica, 1.58 AU/ha in Honduras, and 1.95 AU/ha in Nicaragua. • The potential impact that can be achieved by adopting these technologies at the regional level is significant. The required amount of investment to achieve Level 1 in Costa Rica was US$6.4 million; in Honduras, US$2.7 million; and in Nicaragua, US$5.1 million. Because of the reduced production cost, it was possible to obtain an additional annual net income in all regions studied: US$11.9 million in Costa Rica, US$12.6 million in Honduras, and US$9.9 million in Nicaragua. Thus, the potential benefit is quite large regarding the investment, and could be paid back in less than 1 year (Table 9). • The investment required at the regional level to reach Level 2 of adoption amounted to US$41.7 million in Costa Rica, US$5.9 million in Honduras, and US$53.8 million in Nicaragua. The marginal income per year expected by the reduction in production cost amounted to US$15.1 million in Costa Rica, US$12.9 million in Honduras, and US$17.0 million in Nicaragua. • The resources required to obtain Level 3 of adoption were estimated at US$55.7 million in Costa Rica, US$8.2 million in Honduras, and US$82 million in Nicaragua, and the additional annual income that can be obtained by reduction in production cost and higher milk sales represented US$29.6 million in Costa Rica, US$14.3 million in Honduras, and US$30.7 million in Nicaragua. • To promote the adoption of these technologies at the regional level, a strategy must be designed to establish alliances with organized farmers groups and/or extension agencies, as well as a mechanism to supply seed to producers, especially of C. argentea and sugarcane. The availability of seed of Brachiaria and A. pintoi does not represent a constraint. 133
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
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In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
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(Continued) Component Activity Outs
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Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
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FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
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RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
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during the rainy season, samplings
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Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Table 3. Effect of three types of p
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References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
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Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
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Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
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Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
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Table 1. Effect of level and freque
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Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
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Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
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argentea (taking into account cutti
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Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
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A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
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argentea is recommended over the us
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The silos were left to ferment for
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References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
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y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
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Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
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Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
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Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
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Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
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increase in milk yield when offered
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Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
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associated pasture. Also, the perce
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that of cows grazing sole cropped p
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Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
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Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
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Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
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Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
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Table 1. Average milk production, t
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Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
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U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
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In the case of king grass, estimate
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Milk production during the season o
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Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
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Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
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Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
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Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108: Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110: Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112: Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114: Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124: with a dry season between May and A
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128: Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130: Materials and Methods Data for this
Page 131 and 132: Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
Page 135 and 136: adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Use of a simulation model
Page 139 and 140: The production cost/kg milk was low
Page 141 and 142: level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144: income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145: Table 10. Annual seed requirements
Page 149 and 150: Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
Page 151 and 152: Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154: Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156: The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158: artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160: Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162: Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163 and 164: Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 165 and 166: with heavy soils and frequent rains
Page 167 and 168: systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170: Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172: growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
Page 173 and 174: Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
Page 175 and 176: International Seminars Argel, P. J.
Page 177 and 178: LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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