Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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• This study suggests that large economic incentives exist to design a regional strategy in each country to promote the adoption of technologies at Level 1 to improve the income of small milk producers and increase the competitiveness of dual-purpose production systems through the use of new improved forage germplasm based on grasses and legumes. References Argel, P. and Lascano, C. 1998. Cratylia argentea: Una nueva leguminosa arbustiva para suelos ácidos en zonas subhúmedas tropicales. Pasturas Tropicales 20 (1):37-43. Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos. 1998. Encuesta agrícola nacional 1996-1997. Tomo III. Ganadería. Secretaría de Industria y Comercio. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Holmann, F.; Kerridge, P. C.; and Lascano, C. E. 1999. Progress Report. Improved legume-based feeding systems for smallholder dual-purpose cattle production in tropical Latin America. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Cali. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. 1999. Resultados de la encuesta de producción de 1997. Convenio MAG-USDA. Managua, Nicaragua. Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificacion Sectorial Agropecuaria (SEPSA). 1990. Encuesta Ganadera Nacional 1988. San José, Costa Rica. Umaña, V. 1998. Comercio de productos lácteos en Centroamérica. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA). San José, Costa Rica. 134
Analysis of the Milk Market of Small-Scale Artisan Cheese Factories in Watersheds of Honduras and Nicaragua Involved in Livestock Production Federico Holmann CIAT-ILRI, Colombia Processing plants collect 20% of the milk produced in Honduras and Nicaragua that is turned into pasteurized milk and other dairy products. The price paid for milk during the study period was approximately US$0.30/kg in both countries, but this price was obtained by less than 5% of dairy farms in both countries because these plants require that milk be cooled to improve its hygienic quality and that farms be located in easily accessible sites with good roads (Argel, 1999a; 1999b). The “informal” market collects the remaining 80% of the milk produced in both countries, mainly in the form of cheese (Argel, 1999a; 1999b). This market is mainly constituted by small-scale artisan cheese factories—mostly located in milk-producing areas—that do not pasteurize milk. These factories transform milk into popular fresh cheeses with shelf lives shorter than 10 days (De Franco et al., 1995). In Honduras alone, there were about 600 artisan cheese factories at the time of the study (Argel, 1999a). As a result, the artisan cheese industry in both countries is the principal buyer of milk produced by small and medium producers who do not fulfill the requirements of milk processing plants of the known “formal” sector. Seasonality in Production The price paid to producers by artisan cheese factories depends on the supply of milk, which has a marked seasonality: it is abundant during the rainy season and scarce during the dry season. This situation leads to serious difficulties in allocating surplus milk produced during the rainy season because both countries lack an efficient industrialization and marketing system. The seasonality in production causes milk prices to fluctuate, with differences of up to 50% between seasons (De Franco et al., 1995; Cajina, 1994). In addition to this problem of seasonality, most milk collected by artisan cheese factories during the rainy season is of poor quality with bacterial counts close to 1,000,000/cc. The pasteurization process does not correct this problem for raw milks with bacterial counts higher than 500,000 bacteria/cc because pasteurization only guarantees the elimination 135
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
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Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
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In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
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(Continued) Component Activity Outs
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Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
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FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
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RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
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during the rainy season, samplings
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Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Table 3. Effect of three types of p
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References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
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Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
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Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
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Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
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Table 1. Effect of level and freque
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Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
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Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
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argentea (taking into account cutti
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Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
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A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
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argentea is recommended over the us
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The silos were left to ferment for
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References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
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y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
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Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
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Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
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Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
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Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
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increase in milk yield when offered
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Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
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associated pasture. Also, the perce
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that of cows grazing sole cropped p
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Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
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Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
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Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
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Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
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Table 1. Average milk production, t
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Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
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U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
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In the case of king grass, estimate
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Milk production during the season o
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Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
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Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
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Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
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Application of the Model to Researc
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Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108: Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110: Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112: Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114: Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116: With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118: Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120: Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122: Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124: with a dry season between May and A
Page 125 and 126: From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128: Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130: Materials and Methods Data for this
Page 131 and 132: Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134: Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
Page 135 and 136: adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138: Table 6. Use of a simulation model
Page 139 and 140: The production cost/kg milk was low
Page 141 and 142: level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144: income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145 and 146: Table 10. Annual seed requirements
Page 147: Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 151 and 152: Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154: Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156: The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158: artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160: Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162: Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163 and 164: Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 165 and 166: with heavy soils and frequent rains
Page 167 and 168: systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170: Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172: growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
Page 173 and 174: Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
Page 175 and 176: International Seminars Argel, P. J.
Page 177 and 178: LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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