Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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Results and Discussion The organoleptic characteristics of the silage are indicated in Table 2. The odor ranged from slightly acetic to lactic, as evidenced by the pH values obtained. These values correlated with lactic fermentation. As reference, three replicates of pure soybean were fermented and their average results were pH, 5; odor, 2; and color, 3. The high pH indicates the high buffer capacity of legumes that can affect final fermentation results, even with as good a substratum as maize. The use of a lactobacillus as inoculum could improve fermentation characteristics. All silos showed an excellent conservation of the original color. Table 2. Odor, color, and pH of maize:soybean silage in different proportions (Pacific Region, Costa Rica). Treatmenta Maize:soybean ratio Odor Color pH T1 1:1 2.50 3.00 4.25 T2 1:1 2.50 3.00 3.50 T3 1:1 3.00 3.00 3.95 T4 2:1 — — — T5 2:1 2.50 3.00 4.00 T6 2:1 2.00 2.50 4.20 T7 3:1 2.50 3.00 3.80 T8 3:1 2.50 3.00 3.65 T9 3:1 2.75 3.00 3.68 a. Treatments are described in Table 1. Soybean undoubtedly improves CP content, reaching almost 12% in a mixture with equal parts of maize:soybean (w/w) in fresh basis (Table 3). The CP content of similar silage made only of soybean was 15.6%. According to data of the University of Wisconsin, the average CP content of 1996 samples of maize silage, collected over 10 years in Iowa and Wisconsin, was 7.6 ± 0.81% (Lauer et al., 1999). Crude protein tends to decrease with decreasing percentage of soybean in the mixture, reaching values close to 8%. Therefore the data obtained in this experiment agree with normal values for maize silage (7.6 ± 0.81%). The DM contents of the mixtures were very similar and the addition of soybean had no effect, which is advantageous because it would not reduce animal DM intake. 42
Table 3. Dry matter and crude protein contents of maize:soybean silages in different proportions (Pacific Region, Costa Rica). Treatmenta Maize:soybean ratio DM CP (%) (%) T1 1:1 29.3 12.0 T2 1:1 26.5 11.6 T3 1:1 27.4 11.9 Average* 27.7 11.8 a T4 2:1 — — T5 2:1 26.9 9.8 T6 2:1 26.1 9.2 Average 26.5 9.5 b T7 3:1 26.9 8.1 T8 3:1 27.7 8.8 T9 3:1 30.2 8.7 Average 28.3 8.5 c a. Treatments are described in Table 1. * Averages followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05%), according to Duncan’s test. Titterton and Maasdorp (1997) worked with silage (1:1) of maize and 15 legumes in monoculture. They found that all legumes presented acceptable levels of fermentation (pH ranging between 3.7 and 4.5; NH3:N > 12%). They also found that protein content (dry basis) increased from 77 g/kg in pure maize silage to 93 g/kg in yellow lupine and 153 g/kg in soybean forage. Conclusions • Based on the organoleptic evaluation and pH values obtained, the silages obtained in this study can be considered as of very good quality. DM contents, which ranged between 26.5% and 28.3%, are acceptable and associated with a low loss of effluents. • Silage quality values are within the normal ranges cited in literature and clearly evidence the advantage of using soybean forage in mixtures with maize for silaging. 43
Page 1 and 2:
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
Page 3 and 4:
Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
Page 5 and 6: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 7 and 8: At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
Page 9 and 10: In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
Page 11 and 12: (Continued) Component Activity Outs
Page 13 and 14: Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
Page 15 and 16: FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
Page 17 and 18: RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
Page 19 and 20: during the rainy season, samplings
Page 21 and 22: Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26: References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29 and 30: Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36: Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37 and 38: Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 39 and 40: argentea (taking into account cutti
Page 41 and 42: Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44: A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46: argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48: The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50: References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52: y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53 and 54: Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55: Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 59 and 60: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62: increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90: Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92: Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94: Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106: Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110:
Production costs decreased as produ
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Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114:
Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
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With this alternative, the milk pro
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Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120:
Table 2. Change in area of improved
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Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
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with a dry season between May and A
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From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128:
Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130:
Materials and Methods Data for this
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Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134:
Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
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adoption level requires the lowest
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Table 6. Use of a simulation model
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The production cost/kg milk was low
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level of adoption can be regarded a
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income was lower or equal to 6 mont
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Table 10. Annual seed requirements
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Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150:
Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
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Results and Discussion Collection o
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Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156:
The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158:
artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160:
Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162:
Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163 and 164:
Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 165 and 166:
with heavy soils and frequent rains
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systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170:
Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172:
growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
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Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
Page 175 and 176:
International Seminars Argel, P. J.
Page 177 and 178:
LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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