Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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Availability of grass forage at the beginning of grazing was greater in Trial 2 as compared with Trial 1. This difference in forage on offer was associated with changes in precipitation. The quality of the grass varied considerably among treatments, the IVDMD and CP levels being lower in the check treatment (B. decumbens alone) in both experiments. The treatment and precipitation significantly affected both amount and quality of the grass. Milk production of cows on the associated Cratylia + Brachiaria pasture under direct grazing was consistently higher than that of the check treatment in both minimum (23% more milk) and maximum precipitation (16% more milk), although this difference was not significant (Table 1). The significant increase in milk production in Trial 1 can be partially explained by the low amount and quality of the basal pasture, which was affected by the lower precipitation. These results confirm once more the importance of providing supplementation not only when the basal pasture is deficient but also during the dry season, but not so in the rainy season (Avila, 1999). Table 1. Milk production of crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows, supplemented with Cratylia argentea in a cut-and-carry system as compared with direct grazing (Quilichao, Cauca, Colombia). Treatment Trial 1 Trial 2 Milk yield Milk yield (kg/cow per day) (kg/cow per day) Brachiaria decumbens 6.1 b* 6.3 a B. decumbens + C. argentea (cut-and-carry) 6.7 b 6.6 a B. decumbens + C. argentea (direct grazing) 7.5 a 7.3 a * Values in the same column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P < 0.05), according to Duncan’s test. On the other hand, the levels of fat and non-fat solids (NFS) in milk were similar for both trials. The milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels differed significantly (P < 0.05) among treatments for both trials. When C. argentea was used as supplement, MUN levels were higher compared with the check treatment. The levels of these indicators without C. argentea supplementation were marginal (Table 2). MUN levels ranged from 9 to 10 mg/dL, suggesting a protein deficit (Hammond et al., 1994) and accounting for the lower milk production of the group of cows that did not receive legume supplementation. 16
Table 2. Quality of milk produced by cows supplemented with Cratylia argentea in a cut-and-carry system and under direct grazing (Quilichao, Cauca, Colombia). Treatment Fat (%) Trial 1 Trial 2 NFS a (%) 17 MUN b (mg/dL) Fat (%) NFS (%) MUN (mg/dL) Brachiaria decumbens 3.5 a* 8.0 a 9.8 b 3.6 a 8.2 a 3.0 b B. decumbens + C. argentea (cut-and-carry) 3.6 a 8.0 a 33.6 a 3.7 a 8.4 a 11.6 a B. decumbens + C. argentea (direct grazing) 3.7 a 8.2 a 27.3 a 3.7 a 8.2 a 12.5 a a. NFS = non-fat solids. b. MUN = Milk urea nitrogen. • * Values in the same column followed by the same letters do not differ significantly (P < 0.05), according to Duncan’s test. Conclusions The partial information from these trials indicates that the use of C. argentea under direct grazing increased milk production the most. Also, direct supplementation with the legume is more viable during the drier season than during the rainy season because the economic response is greater when the basal pasture has limited nutrients during the dry season. References Avila, P. 1999. Efecto de la suplementación con especies forrajeras en la producción de leche de vacas en pastoreo. MSc Thesis in Agricultural Sciences, with emphasis on tropical animal production. Universidad Nacional de Colombia- Palmira. Hammond, A. C.; Kunkle, W. E.; and Genho, P. C. 1994. Use of blood urea nitrogen concentration to determine time and level of protein supplementation in wintering cows. Professional Animal Scientist 10:24-31. Rivas, L. 1992. El sistema ganadero de doble propósito en América tropical. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Animal Production Alternatives and Strategies. Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Mexico.
Page 1 and 2: Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
Page 3 and 4: Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
Page 5 and 6: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 7 and 8: At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
Page 9 and 10: In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
Page 11 and 12: (Continued) Component Activity Outs
Page 13 and 14: Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
Page 15 and 16: FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
Page 17 and 18: RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
Page 19 and 20: during the rainy season, samplings
Page 21 and 22: Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26: References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29: Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36: Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37 and 38: Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 39 and 40: argentea (taking into account cutti
Page 41 and 42: Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44: A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46: argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48: The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50: References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52: y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53 and 54: Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 57 and 58: Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59 and 60: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62: increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82:
U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84:
In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86:
Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88:
Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
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Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92:
Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94:
Application of the Model to Researc
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Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98:
Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
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Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
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Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
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Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
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Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110:
Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112:
Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114:
Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
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With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118:
Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120:
Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122:
Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
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with a dry season between May and A
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From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128:
Research Recommendations Based on r
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Materials and Methods Data for this
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Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
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Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
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adoption level requires the lowest
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Table 6. Use of a simulation model
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The production cost/kg milk was low
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level of adoption can be regarded a
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income was lower or equal to 6 mont
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Table 10. Annual seed requirements
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Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150:
Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
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Results and Discussion Collection o
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Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156:
The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158:
artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160:
Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
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Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
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Production of Brochures for Extensi
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with heavy soils and frequent rains
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systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170:
Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172:
growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
Page 173 and 174:
Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
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LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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