Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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and soybeans) used to manufacture concentrates that are usually beyond their reach. Fresh C. argentea, with 3 months regrowth, presents, on average, 19.9% CP and 53.4% IVDMD (Table 3). This last value agrees with that reported by Lascano (1995), but differs from those found by Perdomo (1991) and Xavier and Carvalho (1995). In ensiled C. argentea, the average values of CP (14.7%) and IVDMD (40.6%) were slightly lower than those of fresh Cratylia; this level of PC, however, fulfills the requirements of the animals used in the trial. Table 3. Nutritional composition of fresh and ensiled Cratylia argentea (ECAG, Costa Rica). Evaluation periods Fresh Cratylia argentea Ensiled Cratylia argentea CP IVDMD CP IVDMD (%) (%) (%) (%) I 19.2 56.0 15.3 40.4 II 19.1 50.2 15.2 40.3 III 21.4 54.1 13.6 41.1 Average 19.9 53.4 14.7 40.6 Production Costs Costs were calculated based on the costs appearing in Table 4. The biomass production of Cratylia at 3 months regrowth when plants reach their best leaf:stem ratio and produce larger amounts of edible material, thus reducing labor costs. Table 4. Feeding costs and milk components in cows fed concentrate and two forms of Cratylia argentea at 3 months regrowth (ECAG, Costa Rica). Treatment Cost Milk components ($/kg) (%) Fat Protein Lactose TSa NFSb Concentrate 0.21 5.85 6.15 4.30 1.67 2.33 Fresh Cratylia 0.17 4.56 5.19 3.48 1.35 1.92 Ensiled Cratylia a. TS = Total solids. b. NSF = Non-fat solids. 0.18 4.63 5.48 3.71 1.41 2.03 Calculations considered the following costs per kg product on offer: concentrate (processed at the ECAG plant), semolina, sugarcane, fresh C. 24
argentea (taking into account cutting, carrying, and chopping) and ensiled C. argentea (preparation). Table 5 shows that, although gross income was higher when the concentrate was used (US$3.13) compared with fresh or ensiled Cratylia (US$3.10 and US$3.05, respectively), costs were also higher and the net income was US$0.84. When fresh Cratylia was used in the diet, net income was US$1.26 and with ensiled Cratylia it was US$1.16. In addition to the economic benefit, the use of the legume is environmentally beneficial in terms of nutrient recycling and sustainability of the system. Table 5. Daily income and expenditures (US$/cow per day) obtained with test diets (ECAG, Costa Rica). Treatment Income Expenditures Difference Concentrate 3.13 2.30 0.84 Fresh Cratylia 3.10 1.83 1.26 Ensiled Cratylia 3.05 1.89 1.16 Conclusions The results of this study indicated the following: (1) fresh C. argentea, at 3 months regrowth, is a good alternative to feed milking cows; (2) under ECAG conditions, Cratylia should be harvested at 3 months regrowth to prepare silage because the leaf:stem ratio is best then; and (3) fresh or ensiled C. argentea can replace the use of a commercial concentrate in dairy cows of intermediate milk production during the dry season. References Argel, P. J.; Lobo, M. B.; Romero, F.; González, J.; Lascano, C. L.; Kerridge, P. C.; and Holmann, F. 1999. The shrub Cratylia argentea as a dry season feeding alternative in Costa Rica. Paper presented at the workshop “Working with Farmers: the Key to Adoption of Forage Technologies”, held in Cagayan de Oro, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, 12-15 October 1999. 6 p. Lascano, C. E. 1995. Calidad nutritiva y utilización de Cratylia argentea. In: Pizarro, E. A. and Coradin, L. (eds.). Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Proceedings of the Cratylia Workshop, held 19 and 20 July 1995. Brasilia, DF, Brazil. EMBRAPA, CENARGEN, CPAC, CIAT. p. 83-97. 25
Page 1 and 2: Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
Page 3 and 4: Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
Page 5 and 6: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 7 and 8: At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
Page 9 and 10: In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
Page 11 and 12: (Continued) Component Activity Outs
Page 13 and 14: Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
Page 15 and 16: FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
Page 17 and 18: RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
Page 19 and 20: during the rainy season, samplings
Page 21 and 22: Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26: References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29 and 30: Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36: Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37: Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 41 and 42: Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44: A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46: argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48: The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50: References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52: y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53 and 54: Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 55 and 56: Table 1. Treatments evaluated for m
Page 57 and 58: Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59 and 60: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62: increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90:
Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92:
Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94:
Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96:
Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98:
Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100:
Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102:
Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104:
Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
Page 105 and 106:
Resource prices and capital investm
Page 107 and 108:
Table 3. Direct production costs, g
Page 109 and 110:
Production costs decreased as produ
Page 111 and 112:
Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
Page 113 and 114:
Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 115 and 116:
With this alternative, the milk pro
Page 117 and 118:
Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
Page 119 and 120:
Table 2. Change in area of improved
Page 121 and 122:
Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
Page 123 and 124:
with a dry season between May and A
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From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
Page 127 and 128:
Research Recommendations Based on r
Page 129 and 130:
Materials and Methods Data for this
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Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
Page 133 and 134:
Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
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adoption level requires the lowest
Page 137 and 138:
Table 6. Use of a simulation model
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The production cost/kg milk was low
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level of adoption can be regarded a
Page 143 and 144:
income was lower or equal to 6 mont
Page 145 and 146:
Table 10. Annual seed requirements
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Nicaragua. In addition, this level
Page 149 and 150:
Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
Page 151 and 152:
Results and Discussion Collection o
Page 153 and 154:
Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
Page 155 and 156:
The third need identified in Hondur
Page 157 and 158:
artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160:
Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
Page 161 and 162:
Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
Page 163 and 164:
Production of Brochures for Extensi
Page 165 and 166:
with heavy soils and frequent rains
Page 167 and 168:
systems, its use by ruminants can b
Page 169 and 170:
Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
Page 171 and 172:
growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
Page 173 and 174:
Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
Page 177 and 178:
LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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