Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Technology State of the ... - NEXTHYLIGHTS

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Technology State of the Art Review Table 3 Description of the principal structural components of hybrid fuel cell buses. Item Characteristics Remarks Bus Body 18, 12, 10, and 6 meter platforms have all been used. Bus Chassis Similar to diesel / diesel Hybrid. 18, 12, 10, and 6 meter platforms. Fuel Cell System Fuel cell systems are based on Proton Exchange Membranes (PEM) stacks. Power output ranges between 10kWe to 200KWe, depending on bus platform and manufacturer. Power Electronics Warranties up to 15,000 hours. Various – offered as ad hoc packages by integrator firms or directly by fuel cell / bus manufacturers. Electric Motor DC, AC induction, Asynchronous/Synchronous AC, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Energy Storage System Fuel Cell Cooling System Hydrogen Storage System Power generally ranges from 25kW to 240kW. Energy storage systems are generally based on battery packs (either NiMH or Li-ion) and/or ultracapacitors (generally up to 100 kW). Maximum power output and storage capacity varies depending on hybrid architecture. The majority of the stack manufacturers use liquid cooled systems, with radiators to dissipate heat. Hydrogen storage systems are generally based on Type III cylinder technology, storing compressed hydrogen at a pressure of 350bar. CNG bus bodies are often used (thanks to similar structural requirements for roofmounted fuel tanks). - Near term targets: extended warranties from 15,000 to 20,000hours (2015 target). The power electronics and system controls currently provide the most significant availability problems for FC buses. The next generation of buses are expected to solve these problems. Strong synergies with hybrid diesel buses. The electric motor can be either a single main motor or hub–mounted (where the motor is designed within the wheel). Near and long term targets for the energy storage systems are higher energy densities, faster charging time and reduction of battery weight. - The next generation hybrid bus range is generally considered satisfactory for city transit services (>250km) at current storage pressures. Higher pressures (700 bar), however, have been suggested to improve bus fuelling logistics (more hydrogen on the bus could mean refuelling required only every second day). 18
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Technology State of the Art Review 2 The Fuel Cell Bus Sector The fuel cell bus sector has been constantly expanding over the last 10 years, showing an increasing number of „in revenue service‟ demonstration projects. Figure 5, below, summarises the cumulative number of fuel cell buses in transit demonstrations between 2002 and 2010 and the number of buses in operation by 2011 according to currently planned activities. The figure also reports the main international deployment targets. It is worth noting that the figures after 2009 refer only to hybridised fuel cell designs. Number of Buses 1000 100 10 Fuel Cell buses in service: historical data and selected international targets Cumulative number of buses (hist. data) CaFCP Zbus target (upper value) China target HBA target JTI and HBA target JTI target MKE target SHHP target Figure 5 Cumulative number of fuel cell buses in operation and selected international deployment targets between 2010 and 2020. 2011 data include preliminary data of the CHIC demonstration, and assumes that a number of demonstrations active through 2010 will be still running in 2011. Bus deployment has tended to occur in waves, with a substantial increase in activity around the time of the CUTE trial in 2003-4 and a new wave of „next generation buses‟ entering service between 2010 and 2011. Over 110 hybridised fuel cell buses will be operative worldwide by 2011. The main sites which have been announced for the next generation bus trials will be: Amsterdam/Cologne – 4 new APTS buses from 2011 AC Transit – a fleet of up to 16 Van Hool buses arriving during 2010 19
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