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Baert, when analysing the development of pragmatist theory, notes how there is ‘not a pragmatist party line that all have to toe’ (Baert, 2005, p.129), but there are a number of key ideological stances that are commonly shared. These include the view of the active acquisition of knowledge as a way of coping with life’s demands; the use of a conceptual system; the recognition that human inquiry need not imply the subjectivity of people’s knowledge and the settling of theoretical disputes by determining what effects they have. Seale et al. also report that ‘the real is never abandoned by the pragmatist, but rather sensibly put to the test of everyday life’ (Seale et al. 2004, p.4).Therefore the ontological position of pragmatists is that the ‘mandate of science is not to find truth or reality, the existence of which are perpetually in dispute, but to facilitate human problem-solving’ (Powell, 2001, p.884). The pragmatist explanation of reality is closer to the researcher’s values. As Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) state, instead of searching for truth, pragmatists consider truth to be ‘what works’. They continue that the pragmatist point of view rejects the forced choice between positivism and interpretivism choosing to use ‘the dazzling array of both qualitative and quantitative methods’ (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998, p. 24) dependent upon the research question and the phase of the research project. It is this principle that has heavily influenced the approach that I have taken in the field of tourism enquiry. My research is framed not only in the belief of the existence of the ‘real’, which disconnects knowledge from everyday life, but also in the belief in collaborative knowledge production with industry partners and other key researchers in the field. The epistemological positions of pragmatists are that of ‘belief’, ‘doubt’ and ‘habit’ (Pansiri, 2005, p.197). For pragmatists, therefore, both knowledge and social reality are based on beliefs and habits which are socially constructed. Berger and Luckmann (1967) argue that knowledge is historical and linked to legitimation, institutionalization and socialisation. The epistemological position of my research involves the use of the most appropriate approach to developing knowledge with a focus on interaction with the subjects
of the enquiry to attempt to understand their perspectives and feelings. The knowledge base and outputs of tourism research should help to guide and influence the industry on which it is based. Tribe (2004) comments on how tourism research tends to fall within two main fields. The first he identifies as ‘tourism business studies’ including marketing, management and tourism corporate strategy, the second ‘non-business tourism studies’ including areas such as tourism perceptions and social and environmental impacts, with the most consolidated area being the business aspects. There has, however, only been limited application of critical tourism research within a business or managerial context (Chambers, 2007a). However an emphasis on business research does not have to be focused on positivistic approaches to knowledge creation but must embrace other perspectives and methodologies. This has been apparent in my own research journey. Working as an early career researcher there was a concentration on using a quantitative approach. My ontological stance perceived the tourist world to be real and predictable, guided by external forces such as governmental policy and economics. This was reflected also in the epistemological basis of my research with quantitative research conducted under strict procedures with little input or influence from the researcher. However, as I have matured, developed and gained confidence as a researcher I have embraced using more mixed methodologies with a focus towards a more qualitative/interpretative approach to research. Seeking to understand from an insider’s perspective that, from an ontological stance, there are multiple explanations or ‘realities ‘that inform my research. This work can also be seen within the conceptual framework of Denzin and Lincoln’s (1998) five ‘moments’ of qualitative research. Their third moment is termed ‘blurred genres’ and this is highly relevant to the work presented here. It relates to how ‘theories, techniques and approaches could be borrowed, mixed and matched according to the research task’ (Phillimore and Goodison,
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THE ROLE OF NICHE TOURISM PRODUCTS
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Table of Contents Page No. Table of
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Chapter 4 Contribution to Knowledge
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List of Figures Title Page No. Figu
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destinations face along the niche t
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1.1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduc
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about marketing and promotion. Thus
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Evidence of empirical research exam
Page 19 and 20: Strategic research development and
Page 21 and 22: and events, students and yoga, are
Page 23 and 24: issues of this topic and providing
Page 25 and 26: ENVIRONMENTAL MACRO/ESTABLISHED NIC
Page 27 and 28: ignored or neglected by others’ (
Page 29 and 30: Toften and Hammervoll’s research
Page 31 and 32: 2002; Stronge, 2000). Morgan and Pr
Page 33 and 34: ‘The economics of the new tourism
Page 35 and 36: particular attention in describing
Page 37 and 38: Adapted from Butler (1980) and Truf
Page 39 and 40: Beaver’s (2002) tourism dictionar
Page 41 and 42: In some destinations, wine tourism
Page 43 and 44: wine region. Both push (internal de
Page 45 and 46: When discussing the nexus between w
Page 47 and 48: 2.4 Contribution of Festivals and E
Page 49 and 50: increased tourism numbers and inwar
Page 51 and 52: urden to the tax payer (Jones and W
Page 53 and 54: deep cultural meaning of an ‘aest
Page 55 and 56: Many authors highlight the experien
Page 57 and 58: Destination image research has been
Page 59 and 60: Morgan et al. comment how ‘a hand
Page 61 and 62: single minority group in the US ign
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 Research
Page 65 and 66: author, the researchers dipped in a
Page 67 and 68: Pragmatism is a fairly recent philo
Page 69: Industry Performance Development SE
Page 73 and 74: 3.4.1 Primary Research - Consumer a
Page 75 and 76: esearch questions commenting on the
Page 77 and 78: Three papers are presented that are
Page 79 and 80: differences in two of the demograph
Page 81 and 82: appraisal. This is reiterated by Ja
Page 83 and 84: destination planning and developmen
Page 85 and 86: niche tourist profiling; and desti
Page 87 and 88: Paper 11 Pragmatism Mixed Methods T
Page 89 and 90: Another clear result of this resear
Page 91 and 92: Niche Tourism Profiling Papers 1, 3
Page 93 and 94: categories there is a clear indicat
Page 95 and 96: Destination Development through Nic
Page 97 and 98: yoga tourism operators indicates ho
Page 99 and 100: the role a wine festival has in pro
Page 101 and 102: 5.1 Introduction and Contribution t
Page 103 and 104: One of the key limitations of this
Page 105 and 106: pragmatic approach. I consider this
Page 107 and 108: Researching demand led niche touris
Page 109 and 110: References Agarwal, S., (1994). The
Page 111 and 112: Bartram, S. A., (2001). Serious lei
Page 113 and 114: Bryman, A. and Burgess, R., (1994).
Page 115 and 116: Carlsen, J., and Taylor, A., (2003)
Page 117 and 118: Cooper, C., (1990). Resorts in Decl
Page 119 and 120: Dibb, S., and Simkin, L., (1994). I
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Echtner, C., and Ritchie, B., (1993
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Frew, E., and Ali-Knight. J., (2009
Page 125 and 126:
Goodson, L., and Phillimore, J., (2
Page 127 and 128:
Hall, C.M., Johnson, G. R., and Mit
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Hovinen, G., (1981). A Tourist Cycl
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Jennings, G., (2001). Tourism Resea
Page 133 and 134:
Kotler, P., (2003). Marketing Manag
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MacKay, K.J., Andereck, K.L, and Vo
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Novelli, M., (2005). Niche Tourism:
Page 139 and 140:
Pine II, J. B., and Gilmore, J. H.,
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Ritchie, B., (1984). Assessing the
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Russo, P.A., (2006). A Re-Foundatio
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Stebbins, R. A., (1982). Serious le
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Tribe, J., (2004). Knowing about to
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Weizenegger, S., (2006). The TALC a
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Appendix 1 Research and Publication
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Extraordinary Experiences and Exten
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Barron, P., Ali-Knight, J., & Steph
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28th June - 1st July 2000 The Sixth
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Robertson, M, Ali-Knight, J & Anast
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6. Ensor, J, Robertson, M, & Ali-Kn
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Appendix 3: Key Authors in the Fiel
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Paper 8 Frew, E. and Ali-Knight. J.
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