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ange of tourists and offer a broader experience. Smith and Puczko observe that ’yoga can be packaged with almost any activity provided it is attractive to the target market’ (Smith and Puczko, 2009, p.229). These findings are important as they validate McKercher and Chan’s (2005) argument that niche tourism products need to be seen not in isolation, but within the broader context of the existing tourist products and visitor mix. There are only a few destinations, such as those cited in the case studies in Paper 11, for which yoga tourism is the primary product opportunity at the destination and this contributes to its uniqueness. My contribution in the growth area of niche products is centred on my work in wine tourism product development, particularly in the area of wine education (Papers 1 – 3). My research priorities have matched those of Getz (2000a) who proposes that wine tourism research should be based on wine tourists; marketing effectiveness; and, success factors for developing wineries and destinations. There is little attention given in the literature to what wine education is and how it benefits the wine and tourism industries. The work presented here demonstrates my contribution to an evaluation of the wine education experience at the winery (as cited by Fraser and Alonso, 2006 and O’Neill and Charters, 2006). Yuan et al. (2006) recognise my contribution to an understanding of the total wine tourism experience and how regions can provide what the consumers want in terms of cultural heritage; hospitality; education and festivals and events. Hall et al. (2000) also suggest that the wine tourism experience consists of the attributes of the wine tourist (as discussed in section 4.3) and the wine product. Thus, the research presented here confirms earlier discussions of wine tourists seeking a broader experience. ‘Recent attempts to define wine tourism in broader terms have been made and Charters and Ali-Knight (2002) have noted the characteristics that have been incorporated’ (Roberts and Sparks, 2006, p.48). My research reveals that winery managers share a similar broad perspective about the benefits of an educational dimension at the winery. This often leads them to miss the opportunity to meet visitor needs for education and expand their customer base. Papers 1 – 3 identify the relationship between the growth in wine tourism and the increasing levels of wine education sought by those interested in wine.
Another clear result of this research is the verification that wine education can ‘value add’ and provides something ‘extra’ to the wine tourism product. My more recent work covering festival and event tourism (Papers 6 – 9 and 13), has adopted a more theoretical stance contributing to a limited body of work, particularly in the area of fringe festivals. Niche tourism products at the mature stage of the product life cycle, notably festivals and events, are a key part of this critical appraisal. The key contribution of the papers in this section is in providing insights into stakeholder involvement, festival leadership, festival management innovation and failure and the challenges festivals face in the event life cycle. Pasanen et al. remark on how ‘festivals and events have become a critical component of the overall tourism product’ (Pasanen et al., 2009, p.126). Robertson et al. also comment on the need for further research into stakeholder interest, impact and conflict as existing research is limited to a small number of festivals and ‘there are risks in attempting to generalise the findings’ (Robertson et al., 2009, p. 162). Paper 9 makes an original contribution to festival management and stakeholder analysis, and adds to the limited literature on festival management and innovation. Paper 6 also argues for more creativity and innovation within festival leadership. Its key contribution lies not only in the research findings but in the methodology as it is one of the first festival and event studies to employ the use of repertory grids, producing data with a pragmatic value to the festival community. The constructs (leadership; focus; relationship with the community; decision- making; funding and history) identified in the research and sub-constructs presented figuratively give further insights into what affects the creative and innovative potential of festival leaders.
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THE ROLE OF NICHE TOURISM PRODUCTS
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Table of Contents Page No. Table of
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Chapter 4 Contribution to Knowledge
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List of Figures Title Page No. Figu
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destinations face along the niche t
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1.1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduc
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about marketing and promotion. Thus
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Evidence of empirical research exam
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Strategic research development and
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and events, students and yoga, are
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issues of this topic and providing
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ENVIRONMENTAL MACRO/ESTABLISHED NIC
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ignored or neglected by others’ (
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Toften and Hammervoll’s research
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2002; Stronge, 2000). Morgan and Pr
Page 33 and 34:
‘The economics of the new tourism
Page 35 and 36:
particular attention in describing
Page 37 and 38: Adapted from Butler (1980) and Truf
Page 39 and 40: Beaver’s (2002) tourism dictionar
Page 41 and 42: In some destinations, wine tourism
Page 43 and 44: wine region. Both push (internal de
Page 45 and 46: When discussing the nexus between w
Page 47 and 48: 2.4 Contribution of Festivals and E
Page 49 and 50: increased tourism numbers and inwar
Page 51 and 52: urden to the tax payer (Jones and W
Page 53 and 54: deep cultural meaning of an ‘aest
Page 55 and 56: Many authors highlight the experien
Page 57 and 58: Destination image research has been
Page 59 and 60: Morgan et al. comment how ‘a hand
Page 61 and 62: single minority group in the US ign
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 Research
Page 65 and 66: author, the researchers dipped in a
Page 67 and 68: Pragmatism is a fairly recent philo
Page 69 and 70: Industry Performance Development SE
Page 71 and 72: of the enquiry to attempt to unders
Page 73 and 74: 3.4.1 Primary Research - Consumer a
Page 75 and 76: esearch questions commenting on the
Page 77 and 78: Three papers are presented that are
Page 79 and 80: differences in two of the demograph
Page 81 and 82: appraisal. This is reiterated by Ja
Page 83 and 84: destination planning and developmen
Page 85 and 86: niche tourist profiling; and desti
Page 87: Paper 11 Pragmatism Mixed Methods T
Page 91 and 92: Niche Tourism Profiling Papers 1, 3
Page 93 and 94: categories there is a clear indicat
Page 95 and 96: Destination Development through Nic
Page 97 and 98: yoga tourism operators indicates ho
Page 99 and 100: the role a wine festival has in pro
Page 101 and 102: 5.1 Introduction and Contribution t
Page 103 and 104: One of the key limitations of this
Page 105 and 106: pragmatic approach. I consider this
Page 107 and 108: Researching demand led niche touris
Page 109 and 110: References Agarwal, S., (1994). The
Page 111 and 112: Bartram, S. A., (2001). Serious lei
Page 113 and 114: Bryman, A. and Burgess, R., (1994).
Page 115 and 116: Carlsen, J., and Taylor, A., (2003)
Page 117 and 118: Cooper, C., (1990). Resorts in Decl
Page 119 and 120: Dibb, S., and Simkin, L., (1994). I
Page 121 and 122: Echtner, C., and Ritchie, B., (1993
Page 123 and 124: Frew, E., and Ali-Knight. J., (2009
Page 125 and 126: Goodson, L., and Phillimore, J., (2
Page 127 and 128: Hall, C.M., Johnson, G. R., and Mit
Page 129 and 130: Hovinen, G., (1981). A Tourist Cycl
Page 131 and 132: Jennings, G., (2001). Tourism Resea
Page 133 and 134: Kotler, P., (2003). Marketing Manag
Page 135 and 136: MacKay, K.J., Andereck, K.L, and Vo
Page 137 and 138: Novelli, M., (2005). Niche Tourism:
Page 139 and 140:
Pine II, J. B., and Gilmore, J. H.,
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Ritchie, B., (1984). Assessing the
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Russo, P.A., (2006). A Re-Foundatio
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Stebbins, R. A., (1982). Serious le
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Tribe, J., (2004). Knowing about to
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Weizenegger, S., (2006). The TALC a
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Appendix 1 Research and Publication
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Extraordinary Experiences and Exten
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Barron, P., Ali-Knight, J., & Steph
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28th June - 1st July 2000 The Sixth
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Robertson, M, Ali-Knight, J & Anast
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6. Ensor, J, Robertson, M, & Ali-Kn
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Appendix 3: Key Authors in the Fiel
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Paper 8 Frew, E. and Ali-Knight. J.
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