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130 Concepts for the Integration of Specification and Design Behaviour Maintenance 5.7.2 Abstraction Levels Initial Requirements Reliability Standards Timing Test Conceptual (Object classes) Unified Model Manufacturing Packaging Other views.. Safety Architecture Legislation Figure 5.6: Multidisciplinary Views Over time a specification model grows. The amount of detail grows during the specification development. Traditionally, adding detail is called refinement. Over time there is a vertical refinement from very abstract to more detailed. Figure 5.7 shows a visualisation of three levels of detail. We could interpret these levels as so-called levels of abstraction. However we do not do this. In general, it is difficult to define or distinguish individual abstraction levels. The number of levels to be distinguished appears to be a rather arbitrary choice. This problem becomes worse when we take multidisciplinary views into account. Different disciplines may produce a different number of abstraction levels. This leads to conflicts and inconsistencies in a model. Therefore we need a more precise definition of the concept of ’abstraction level’. We can define abstraction level based on the cluster hierarchy in Object Instance Models. The highest level of abstraction is the context level where the system is considered to be a whole. This is level zero. A system is visualised as a cluster that represents the system boundary. In the next lower level (level one) the system is decomposed into clusters and/or process objects. The lowest level of abstraction is reached when there are no more composites in the form of clusters. The lowest level contains process objects solely. In our approach, the growth process in Figure 5.7, does not necessarily show the growth in the number of abstraction levels. During analysis, objects can be found on various levels of abstraction. Object instance modelling and architecture modelling can be done ’simultaneously’ on various levels of abstraction. When object instance models are far
5.7 Views 131 Behaviour Behaviour Unified Model Unified Model Unified Model Architecture Architecture Figure 5.7: Growing Specification from complete (in the upper model in Figure 5.7), the model may already have its final number of graphical hierarchical abstraction levels. Objects are filled in at various levels at different times. A model grows by adding objects and clusters by integration of aspects from various views, simultaneously. 5.7.3 Sorts of Refinement We distinguish various sorts of refinement. The levels of abstraction are based on the hierarchy of clusters. We define adding objects, clusters, channels or messages, and their behaviour on one specific level of abstraction as horizontal refinement. The vertical decomposition of a cluster into clusters and objects is defined as decomposition refinement. In our modelling approach composition will be just as important as decomposition. Adding clusters that group objects (and clusters) is also a form of ’vertical’ refinement. It adds detail to the model in an upwards directed way. To distinguish between forms of vertical refinement we define the latter form as composition refinement. Complexity is handled by separation of views. Refinement will therefore be done from various points of view. Figure 5.8 visualises this idea. Analysis, done from a safety point of view, adds details to the specification. It may be that some of these details cannot be formalised. They
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Specification of Reactive Hardware/
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to Leny, Inge and our parents
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Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Intro
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CONTENTS ix 4.6.5 Aggregate Semanti
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CONTENTS xi 6 Modelling of Concurre
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CONTENTS xiii 6.6.7.2 System Specif
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CONTENTS xv 11.4.2.3 Requirements C
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List of Figures 1.1 Chapter Overvie
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LIST OF FIGURES xix 6.16 Strongly D
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectiv
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1.1 Objectives 3 understood and sti
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1.1 Objectives 5 Informal and Forma
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 7 Chapter 1
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 9 Recommend
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Chapter 2 On Specification of React
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2.3 Specifications, Models and View
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 23 entirety.
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 25 Tradition
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.7 Summary 31 offer many guideline
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Chapter 3 Concepts for Analysis, Sp
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3.3 Concepts 35 3. creation of a sy
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3.5 Combining Compatible Concepts 3
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 39 3.
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 41 Th
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 43 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 45 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 47 wa
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 49 Ge
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 51 Re
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3.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 4 Abstraction of a Problem
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4.1 Introduction 57 earlier phase t
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4.2 Objects 59 An object can mean t
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4.2 Objects 61 wonder what other ob
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4.3 Classes 63 A message interface
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4.3 Classes 65 Class B Attributes M
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4.4 Data Objects and Process Object
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Page 99 and 100: 4.5 Clusters 79 flows. Clusters ena
Page 101 and 102: 4.6 Aggregates 81 Therefore a compl
Page 103 and 104: 4.6 Aggregates 83 4.6.4 Clustered A
Page 105 and 106: 4.6 Aggregates 85 An old philosophi
Page 107 and 108: 4.7 Identity and Object Identifiers
Page 109 and 110: 4.8 Properties of Composites 89 for
Page 111 and 112: 4.8 Properties of Composites 91 com
Page 113 and 114: 4.8 Properties of Composites 93 Whe
Page 115 and 116: 4.8 Properties of Composites 95 In
Page 117 and 118: 4.9 Channel Hiding 97 Servant A Sup
Page 119 and 120: 4.11 Composites and Hierarchies 99
Page 121 and 122: 4.12 Object Variety 101 Part class
Page 123 and 124: 4.13 Object Class Models 103 Anothe
Page 125 and 126: 4.13 Object Class Models 105 of obj
Page 127 and 128: 4.14 Attributes and Variables 107 c
Page 129 and 130: 4.14 Attributes and Variables 109 4
Page 131 and 132: 4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
Page 133 and 134: 4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
Page 135 and 136: 4.17 Summary 115 Accidental Propert
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Page 139 and 140: 5.2 Architecture 119 Requirements D
Page 141 and 142: 5.3 Design Philosophy 121 this. The
Page 143 and 144: 5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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Page 147 and 148: 5.6 Architecture and Implementation
Page 149: 5.7 Views 129 Management £ £ £ P
Page 153 and 154: 5.8 Boundaries 133 5.8 Boundaries 5
Page 155 and 156: 5.8 Boundaries 135 x x Object A y z
Page 157 and 158: 5.8 Boundaries 137 x w w x Object A
Page 159 and 160: 5.8 Boundaries 139 In Chapter 10 we
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Page 163 and 164: 5.10 Formalisation 143 Level 1 Leve
Page 165 and 166: 5.11 Summary 145 Behaviour Requirem
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Page 169 and 170: 6.2 Concurrency and Synchronisation
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Communication 157 between proce
Page 179 and 180: 6.3 Communication 159 or to transfo
Page 181 and 182: 6.3 Communication 161 6.3.3.4 Messa
Page 183 and 184: 6.3 Communication 163 Synchronous m
Page 185 and 186: 6.3 Communication 165 channel-name
Page 187 and 188: 6.3 Communication 167 can be descri
Page 189 and 190: 6.3 Communication 169 statement aft
Page 191 and 192: 6.3 Communication 171 (normalCourse
Page 193 and 194: 6.3 Communication 173 ∞ client re
Page 195 and 196: 6.3 Communication 175 There is a gr
Page 197 and 198: 6.3 Communication 177 process A pro
Page 199 and 200: 6.3 Communication 179 Clocks An int
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6.3 Communication 181 whether the s
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6.3 Communication 183 6.3.9.4 Model
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6.3 Communication 185 6.3.10.2 Desc
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6.4 Distribution 187 force to take
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6.4 Distribution 189 is that the in
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6.4 Distribution 191 links to each
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6.4 Distribution 193 6.4.6 Distribu
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6.5 Scenarios 195 entities. This su
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6.5 Scenarios 197 startJob readyToA
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6.5 Scenarios 199 collection of tex
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 201 selection
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 203 processes
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 205 even for
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 207 with the
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 209 6.6.4 Sep
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 211 6.6.5 Mod
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 213 to pay at
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 215 A method
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 217 to happen
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 219 c a Multi
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 221 but not t
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6.7 Real-Time Modelling 223 claimed
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6.7 Real-Time Modelling 225 in the
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6.8 Summary 227 They can graphicall
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Chapter 7 Introduction to the Seman
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7.2 A Brief Language Characterisati
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7.3 The Role of Semantics 233 7.3 T
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7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 235
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7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 237
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7.5 Concluding Remarks 239 0 ¡ Bin
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Chapter 8 Data Part of POOSL Chapte
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8.3 Formal Syntax 243 runk, and cun
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8.4 Context Conditions 245 Further,
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 247 T
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 249 w
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 251 s
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8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 253
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8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 255
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8.7 Example: Complex Numbers 257 is
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8.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 9 Process Part of POOSL Cha
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9.3 Formal Syntax 263 In almost any
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9.3 Formal Syntax 265 The fourth st
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9.3 Formal Syntax 267 call of the f
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9.4 Context Conditions 269 We are n
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9.5 A Computational Interleaving Se
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9.6 Example: A Simple Handshake Pro
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 291 is
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 293 da
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 295 e
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 297 Em
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 299 (o
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9.8 Summary 301 To prepare the deve
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Chapter 10 Behaviour-Preserving Tra
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.3 Some Properties of Transformat
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10.4 A System of Basic Transformati
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10.5 Example: The Elevator Problem
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.8 Summary 331 are transformation
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Chapter 11 SHE Framework Chapter 1
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 335 Inf
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 337 a p
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 339 11.
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11.3 SHE Framework 341 the system.
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11.4 Essential Specification Modell
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11.5 Extended Specification Modelli
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Chapter 12 Case Study Chapter 1 Cha
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12.2 Initial Requirements Descripti
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12.3 The Essential Specification 37
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12.4 Towards an Extended Specificat
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 399 i1 DIST
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 401 Feeder
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Chapter 13 Conclusions and Future W
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.4 Related Results 409 The notion
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Appendix A The POOSL Transition Sys
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A.1 The Data Part of POOSL 413 (12)
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 415 A
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 417 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 419 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 421 i
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Appendix B Proofs of Propositions a
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Proofs of Propositions and Transfor
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Appendix C Glossary of Symbols This
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Glossary of Symbols 437 267 Cp ¥¡
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References [AB90] P. America and F.
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REFERENCES 441 [C [C [C 86] B. Cohe
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REFERENCES 443 [Her90] A.J.H. Herbe
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REFERENCES 445 [MV93] S. Mauw and G
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REFERENCES 447 [vE89] P. van Eijk.
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Index abort, 297 abstract action so
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INDEX 451 strong, 190, 293 subsyste
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INDEX 453 delay, 178 do-statement,
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Summary This combined thesis descri
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Samenvatting Dit gecombineerde proe
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Curricula Vitae Piet van der Putten
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