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252 Data Part of POOSL The evaluation of an expression as part of the execution of a method is formalised in rule (e) above. If rule (e) is successively applied to configuration ¡ ¡ ¥ s¡ ¥ ¥ Sys until the E¥ rule is not applicable anymore, the resulting configuration is either stuck, or it is of the form ¥ Sys . In the latter case, data object ¤ is the result of the evaluation ¡ ¡ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¥ s¡ ¡ ¥ ¤ ¡ of expression E. By axiom (9) this result is at the same time the result of the execution of method m. This result is inserted at the place of the and the local variable environment of m is popped s¡ ¡ off stack (at least if this stack is not empty). 8.5.4 The Semantic Function Now that we have defined the £ transition relation , we will specify what we consider to be the meaning of a configuration. We define the semantics of a configuration as the set of all terminal configurations of all its possible derivation sequences. A configuration is terminal if it is of the form ¡ ¡ ¥ s¥ ¥ Sys . Formally, we define a semantic function as ¤ ¥ follows: where : Conf £ © (Conf ) ( Se £ ¡ Sys ¥ ¤ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¥ s¡ ¥ ¡ ¥ Sys ¡ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¥ ¥ s¥ ¥ Sys £ ¤ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¥ s¡ ¥ ¡ ¥ Sys ¦ s¥ ¥ © £ £ ) e S Here, (Conf ) denotes the powerset of Conf , i.e., the set of all subsets of Conf . is the reflexive-transitive closure of relation and denotes that a configuration can lead to another configuration in zero or more computation steps. 8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages The transition system defined in Appendix A incorporates the definition of so-called deepCopy messages. A deepCopy of a non-primitive object creates a new object of the same class. The objects referred to by the instance variables of this newly created object are again deepCopies of the objects referred to by the instance variables of the original object. DeepCopies of primitive objects are the primitive objects themselves. The definition of the semantics of deepCopy messages requires a function copy and a collection of functions relabel m. Function copy takes a triple ¡ ¥ ¤ ¥ ¡ ¡ ¤ of an object (identifier) , a variables state and a type ¡ ¤ and delivers a copy of object . This copy is again represented by a triple of an object (identifier), a variables state and a type and is of the form ¡ ¡ ¤£¡ . is the set of identifiers of all objects that are (indirectly) known to object ¤ . If ¤ denotes a non-primitive object, it is also contained in ¤ ¥ ¡ ¤¢¡ ¥ The collection of functions relabel m is used to relabel all object identifiers in some triple by increasing them by m. ¡ . Since primitive objects do not know any other objects, ¡ is empty if ¤ is primitive. ¤ ¥ ¡ ¥ ¡ To calculate a proper object-copy, we let the input triple ¤ ¥ ¡ ¥ ¡ of function copy be
8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 253 ¡ a so-called Sys-structure. For Sys Systems, a triple ¡ ¡ ¥ ¡ DObj Type is a ¤ ¥ Sys-structure if and only if (1) All data object identifiers ¡ in are also known in ¡ and vice versa. Dom(¡ ¤ So NDObj) = Dom( ¡ ). (2) Every class name, which is referred to in ¡ ¡ pressed ¡ formally: ¡ For all Dom( , is defined in Sys, and the instance variables of all data objects in conform to their respective class definition. Ex- ¡ £ ) : ¡ ¡ CDn £ Sys ¡ ¥ n¦ ¡ ¡ 1¥¡ CD1 and there exists an i : CDi data class ¡ ¦ ¡ ¡ ¡ (¡ ¡ Dom(¡ (¡ ) instance variables x1 xp instance methods such that )) = £ ¥¡ xp¦ ¥ ¡ ¡ x1 . (3) ¡ is closed. This means that every data object, referred to by objects (or proc) in ¡ , is also in ¡ . Expressed more formally: For all ¢ ¡ Dom(¡ ) and x ¡ Dom(¡ (¢ )) : ¡ (¢ )(x) ¡ NDObj implies ¡ (¢ )(x) ¡ Dom(¡ ). (4) If object ¤ is non-primitive, then it is part of ¡ . So ¤ ¡ NDObj implies ¤ ¡ Dom(¡ ). We let StrucSys denote the set of all Sys-structures. To compute identifier ¡ set we introduce a collection of ¢¡¤£¥ functions . Let StrucSys and let ¥ Dom(¡ V ). ¦¡¤£¥ Then © (Dom(¡ : £ © (Dom(¡ )) )) is defined by §¡¤£¥ (V) ¡ ¡ £ ¢ ¤ ¥ ¡ ¥ ¤ ¡ £ ¤ ¤ ¦ ¦ V ¦ if PDObj £ For n ¡£ we will write n ¡¤£¥ (V) to denote the n-fold application of ¨¡¤£¥ to V, so ¡¤£¥ 0 (V) V n 1 ¡ ¡ NDObj ¡ for some ¢ ¡ V and x ¡ IVar : ¡ ¡ (¢ )(x)¦ if ¤ ¡ NDObj ¡¤£¥ ¡¤£¥ §¡¤£¥ ¡¤£¥ ©¡¤£¥ ¡ (V) n ( (V)) n We will now show how functions and can be applied to calculate the required object identifier set . Let ¤ ¡ be a Sys-structure and assume that NDObj. Then ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ £ £ £ £ £ n ¤ ¥ ¡ ¥ (¤ ¡ ) § 0 § 0¦ ¤ ¡¤£¥ n (¤ n ¡ £ ) § 0 § 1¦ ¤ ¦ ¡¤£¥ n ¡¤£¥ (¤ n ¡ ) § 0 § 2¦ n n ¡¤£¥ (¤ ) ¡ 0 § n § 3¦ n ¡ £ ¦ ¦ £ ¤ ¦ ¦ ¤ ¡ ¡ ¡ £ £ ¡ ¡¤£¥ ¨ § n¦ ¦ ¡ (¤ ¤ ¦ £ ¡¤£¥ (¤ ¨ ) ¡ 0 ¤£¡ § n¦ ¤ . ) 0 In case PDObj, n £ £ £ each object directly known to ¤ ¦ object each object directly known to ¤ ¦ ¦ object each object directly known to some object that is directly known ¤ ¦ by each object (indirectly) known to object ¤ ¦ £ ¨ ¡¤£¥ (¤ ¡ n¦ £ § ¨ ¡ (¤ ¡ § ¤ n¦ ¡¤£¥ So clearly we have that n ) 0 is precisely the set of all object (identifiers) that are (indirectly) known to , that is = n ) 0 . ¡ ¡
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Specification of Reactive Hardware/
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to Leny, Inge and our parents
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Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Intro
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CONTENTS ix 4.6.5 Aggregate Semanti
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CONTENTS xi 6 Modelling of Concurre
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CONTENTS xiii 6.6.7.2 System Specif
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CONTENTS xv 11.4.2.3 Requirements C
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List of Figures 1.1 Chapter Overvie
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LIST OF FIGURES xix 6.16 Strongly D
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectiv
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1.1 Objectives 3 understood and sti
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1.1 Objectives 5 Informal and Forma
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 7 Chapter 1
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 9 Recommend
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Chapter 2 On Specification of React
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2.3 Specifications, Models and View
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 23 entirety.
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 25 Tradition
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.7 Summary 31 offer many guideline
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Chapter 3 Concepts for Analysis, Sp
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3.3 Concepts 35 3. creation of a sy
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3.5 Combining Compatible Concepts 3
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 39 3.
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 41 Th
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 43 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 45 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 47 wa
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 49 Ge
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 51 Re
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3.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 4 Abstraction of a Problem
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4.1 Introduction 57 earlier phase t
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4.2 Objects 59 An object can mean t
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4.2 Objects 61 wonder what other ob
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4.3 Classes 63 A message interface
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4.3 Classes 65 Class B Attributes M
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4.4 Data Objects and Process Object
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4.5 Clusters 79 flows. Clusters ena
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4.6 Aggregates 81 Therefore a compl
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4.6 Aggregates 83 4.6.4 Clustered A
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4.6 Aggregates 85 An old philosophi
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4.7 Identity and Object Identifiers
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4.8 Properties of Composites 89 for
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4.8 Properties of Composites 91 com
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4.8 Properties of Composites 93 Whe
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4.8 Properties of Composites 95 In
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4.9 Channel Hiding 97 Servant A Sup
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4.11 Composites and Hierarchies 99
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4.12 Object Variety 101 Part class
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4.13 Object Class Models 103 Anothe
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4.13 Object Class Models 105 of obj
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 107 c
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 109 4
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.17 Summary 115 Accidental Propert
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Chapter 5 Concepts for the Integrat
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5.2 Architecture 119 Requirements D
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5.3 Design Philosophy 121 this. The
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.6 Architecture and Implementation
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5.7 Views 129 Management £ £ £ P
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5.7 Views 131 Behaviour Behaviour U
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5.8 Boundaries 133 5.8 Boundaries 5
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5.8 Boundaries 135 x x Object A y z
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5.8 Boundaries 137 x w w x Object A
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5.8 Boundaries 139 In Chapter 10 we
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5.9 Transformations 141 The modific
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5.10 Formalisation 143 Level 1 Leve
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5.11 Summary 145 Behaviour Requirem
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Chapter 6 Modelling of Concurrent R
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6.2 Concurrency and Synchronisation
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6.3 Communication 157 between proce
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6.3 Communication 159 or to transfo
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6.3 Communication 161 6.3.3.4 Messa
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6.3 Communication 163 Synchronous m
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6.3 Communication 165 channel-name
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6.3 Communication 167 can be descri
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6.3 Communication 169 statement aft
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6.3 Communication 171 (normalCourse
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6.3 Communication 173 ∞ client re
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6.3 Communication 175 There is a gr
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6.3 Communication 177 process A pro
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6.3 Communication 179 Clocks An int
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6.3 Communication 181 whether the s
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6.3 Communication 183 6.3.9.4 Model
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6.3 Communication 185 6.3.10.2 Desc
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6.4 Distribution 187 force to take
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6.4 Distribution 189 is that the in
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6.4 Distribution 191 links to each
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6.4 Distribution 193 6.4.6 Distribu
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6.5 Scenarios 195 entities. This su
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6.5 Scenarios 197 startJob readyToA
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6.5 Scenarios 199 collection of tex
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Page 247 and 248: 6.8 Summary 227 They can graphicall
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Page 251 and 252: 7.2 A Brief Language Characterisati
Page 253 and 254: 7.3 The Role of Semantics 233 7.3 T
Page 255 and 256: 7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 235
Page 257 and 258: 7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 237
Page 259 and 260: 7.5 Concluding Remarks 239 0 ¡ Bin
Page 261 and 262: Chapter 8 Data Part of POOSL Chapte
Page 263 and 264: 8.3 Formal Syntax 243 runk, and cun
Page 265 and 266: 8.4 Context Conditions 245 Further,
Page 267 and 268: 8.5 A Computational Semantics 247 T
Page 269 and 270: 8.5 A Computational Semantics 249 w
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Page 275 and 276: 8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 255
Page 277 and 278: 8.7 Example: Complex Numbers 257 is
Page 279 and 280: 8.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 9 Process Part of POOSL Cha
Page 283 and 284: 9.3 Formal Syntax 263 In almost any
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Page 289 and 290: 9.4 Context Conditions 269 We are n
Page 291 and 292: 9.5 A Computational Interleaving Se
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Page 311 and 312: 9.7 The Development of POOSL 291 is
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Page 317 and 318: 9.7 The Development of POOSL 297 Em
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Page 321 and 322: 9.8 Summary 301 To prepare the deve
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Chapter 10 Behaviour-Preserving Tra
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.3 Some Properties of Transformat
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10.4 A System of Basic Transformati
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10.5 Example: The Elevator Problem
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.8 Summary 331 are transformation
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Chapter 11 SHE Framework Chapter 1
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 335 Inf
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 337 a p
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 339 11.
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11.3 SHE Framework 341 the system.
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11.4 Essential Specification Modell
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11.5 Extended Specification Modelli
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Chapter 12 Case Study Chapter 1 Cha
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12.2 Initial Requirements Descripti
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12.3 The Essential Specification 37
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12.4 Towards an Extended Specificat
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 399 i1 DIST
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 401 Feeder
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Chapter 13 Conclusions and Future W
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.4 Related Results 409 The notion
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Appendix A The POOSL Transition Sys
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A.1 The Data Part of POOSL 413 (12)
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 415 A
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 417 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 419 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 421 i
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Appendix B Proofs of Propositions a
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Proofs of Propositions and Transfor
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Appendix C Glossary of Symbols This
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Glossary of Symbols 437 267 Cp ¥¡
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References [AB90] P. America and F.
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REFERENCES 441 [C [C [C 86] B. Cohe
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REFERENCES 443 [Her90] A.J.H. Herbe
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REFERENCES 445 [MV93] S. Mauw and G
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REFERENCES 447 [vE89] P. van Eijk.
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Index abort, 297 abstract action so
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INDEX 451 strong, 190, 293 subsyste
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INDEX 453 delay, 178 do-statement,
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Summary This combined thesis descri
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Samenvatting Dit gecombineerde proe
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Curricula Vitae Piet van der Putten
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