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242 Data Part of POOSL 8.1 Introduction The POOSL language consists of two major parts: A data part and a process part. In this chapter the data part of POOSL will be defined and explained in detail. In Section 8.2 an informal explanation is given. Then, in Sections 8.3 and 8.4, the formal syntax together with a number of context conditions are defined. In Sections 8.5 we develop a computational semantics of the data part of POOSL. The realisation of the formal semantics of data objects has greatly been influenced by [ABKR86] in which an operational semantics of the parallel object-oriented language POOL is given. In Section 8.6 we extend the semantics to deal with so-called deepCopy messages. DeepCopies will appear to be very important for the introduction of concurrency in the next chapter. In Section 8.7 the semantics is applied. An example is given in which the semantics of a complex-number expression is calculated. 8.2 Informal Explanation Data objects or travelling objects in POOSL are much like objects in sequential objectoriented programming languages such as Smalltalk [GR89], C++ [Str92], Eiffel [Mey88], and SPOOL [AB90]. A data object contains some private data and has the ability to act on this data. Data is stored in instance variables, which contain (references to) other objects or to the object which owns the variables. The variables of an object cannot be accessed directly by any other object. They can only be read and changed by the object itself. Data objects can interact by sending messages to each other. A message consists of a message name, also called a message selector, and zero or more parameters. A message can be seen as a request to carry out one of the objects’ services. An object explicitly states to which object it wants to send a message. When an object sends a message, its activities are suspended until the result of the message arrives. An object that receives a message will execute a corresponding so-called method. A method implements one of the object’s services. It can access all instance variables of its corresponding object. In addition, it may have local variables of its own. The result of a method execution is returned to the sender. Data objects are grouped into data classes. A data class describes a set of objects which all have the same functionality. The individual objects in a data class are called instances. The instance variables and methods, which are the same for all instances, are specified within a data class definition. POOSL has four primitive data classes of commonly used data types, namely Boolean, Integer, Real, and Char. Instances of these primitive classes are called primitive data objects. The set of messages of these objects correspond to the usual operations of the object’s data type. Next to these primitive objects five other primitive objects exist, named nil, bunk, iunk,
8.3 Formal Syntax 243 runk, and cunk. nil can be considered to be element of every class. Besides an equality (==) message, this object does not recognise any message and the execution aborts when another message is sent to it. bunk, iunk, runk, and cunk represent the unknown data objects of classes Boolean, Integer, Real, and Char. An unknown object recognises the same messages as the other objects of its class. The calculated results follow rules such as bunk or true true, iunk 6 bunk, and 1 567 runk runk. Unknown objects are introduced to allow the specification of non-deterministic, yet executable, behaviour. Non-determinism is a very powerful tool to achieve abstraction in specifications. Every object (primitive as well as non-primitive) recognises a special message called equality (==). Through the equality message it is decided whether or not two expressions refer to the same object. 8.3 Formal Syntax In this section an (abstract) syntax of the language of data objects is given in BNF notation. The syntax resembles the syntax of Smalltalk defined in [GR89] and is based on the abstract syntax of POOL [ABKR86]. We assume that the following sets of syntactic elements are given: IVar instance variables x¥ y¥¡ ¡ ¡ LVar local variables (parameters included) u¥ v¥ w¥¡ ¡ ¡ CName data class names C¥¡ ¡ ¡ MName method and message names m¥¡ ¡ ¡ First, we define the set PDObj of primitive data objects with typical elements ¥¡ ¡ ¡ . This set contains boolean objects ( ), integer objects (¡ ), real objects (¢ ), character objects (Char) and nil. The unknown objects bunk, iunk, runk, and cunk are assumed to be elements of sets , ¡ , ¢ and Char respectively. £ PDObj nil¦ ¦£¡£¦£¢¢¦ Char ¦ ¢ ¡ (+,-,=,¡ ¡ ¡ 1¥ 0¥ 1¥ 2¥¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 2¥¥¤ ¡ ¥¥¤ ¡ ¦¦¡£¦£¢¢¦ ¡£ The theories of sets , , and Char together with their usual operators and relators , , ) are assumed to be parameters of our semantics. We further assume that true and false are elements of set , that that nil for all Char. are elements of set and We define the set Exp of data expressions , with typical elements E, ¡ ¡ , as follows: E :: x u ¡ new (C) ¡ self ¡ ¡ E m(E1 ¥¡ ¡ ¡ ¥ En) ¡ ¡ S;E
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Specification of Reactive Hardware/
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to Leny, Inge and our parents
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Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Intro
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CONTENTS ix 4.6.5 Aggregate Semanti
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CONTENTS xi 6 Modelling of Concurre
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CONTENTS xiii 6.6.7.2 System Specif
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CONTENTS xv 11.4.2.3 Requirements C
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List of Figures 1.1 Chapter Overvie
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LIST OF FIGURES xix 6.16 Strongly D
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectiv
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1.1 Objectives 3 understood and sti
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1.1 Objectives 5 Informal and Forma
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 7 Chapter 1
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 9 Recommend
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Chapter 2 On Specification of React
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2.3 Specifications, Models and View
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 23 entirety.
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 25 Tradition
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.7 Summary 31 offer many guideline
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Chapter 3 Concepts for Analysis, Sp
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3.3 Concepts 35 3. creation of a sy
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3.5 Combining Compatible Concepts 3
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 39 3.
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 41 Th
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 43 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 45 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 47 wa
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 49 Ge
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 51 Re
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3.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 4 Abstraction of a Problem
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4.1 Introduction 57 earlier phase t
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4.2 Objects 59 An object can mean t
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4.2 Objects 61 wonder what other ob
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4.3 Classes 63 A message interface
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4.3 Classes 65 Class B Attributes M
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4.4 Data Objects and Process Object
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4.5 Clusters 79 flows. Clusters ena
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4.6 Aggregates 81 Therefore a compl
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4.6 Aggregates 83 4.6.4 Clustered A
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4.6 Aggregates 85 An old philosophi
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4.7 Identity and Object Identifiers
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4.8 Properties of Composites 89 for
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4.8 Properties of Composites 91 com
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4.8 Properties of Composites 93 Whe
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4.8 Properties of Composites 95 In
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4.9 Channel Hiding 97 Servant A Sup
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4.11 Composites and Hierarchies 99
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4.12 Object Variety 101 Part class
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4.13 Object Class Models 103 Anothe
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4.13 Object Class Models 105 of obj
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 107 c
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 109 4
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.17 Summary 115 Accidental Propert
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Chapter 5 Concepts for the Integrat
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5.2 Architecture 119 Requirements D
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5.3 Design Philosophy 121 this. The
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.6 Architecture and Implementation
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5.7 Views 129 Management £ £ £ P
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5.7 Views 131 Behaviour Behaviour U
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5.8 Boundaries 133 5.8 Boundaries 5
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5.8 Boundaries 135 x x Object A y z
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5.8 Boundaries 137 x w w x Object A
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5.8 Boundaries 139 In Chapter 10 we
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5.9 Transformations 141 The modific
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5.10 Formalisation 143 Level 1 Leve
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5.11 Summary 145 Behaviour Requirem
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Chapter 6 Modelling of Concurrent R
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6.2 Concurrency and Synchronisation
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6.3 Communication 157 between proce
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6.3 Communication 159 or to transfo
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6.3 Communication 161 6.3.3.4 Messa
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6.3 Communication 163 Synchronous m
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6.3 Communication 165 channel-name
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6.3 Communication 167 can be descri
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6.3 Communication 169 statement aft
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6.3 Communication 171 (normalCourse
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6.3 Communication 173 ∞ client re
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6.3 Communication 175 There is a gr
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6.3 Communication 177 process A pro
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6.3 Communication 179 Clocks An int
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6.3 Communication 181 whether the s
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6.3 Communication 183 6.3.9.4 Model
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6.3 Communication 185 6.3.10.2 Desc
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6.4 Distribution 187 force to take
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6.4 Distribution 189 is that the in
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Page 215 and 216: 6.5 Scenarios 195 entities. This su
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Page 219 and 220: 6.5 Scenarios 199 collection of tex
Page 221 and 222: 6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 201 selection
Page 223 and 224: 6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 203 processes
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Page 227 and 228: 6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 207 with the
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Page 251 and 252: 7.2 A Brief Language Characterisati
Page 253 and 254: 7.3 The Role of Semantics 233 7.3 T
Page 255 and 256: 7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 235
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Page 259 and 260: 7.5 Concluding Remarks 239 0 ¡ Bin
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Page 265 and 266: 8.4 Context Conditions 245 Further,
Page 267 and 268: 8.5 A Computational Semantics 247 T
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Page 273 and 274: 8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 253
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Page 277 and 278: 8.7 Example: Complex Numbers 257 is
Page 279 and 280: 8.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Page 281 and 282: Chapter 9 Process Part of POOSL Cha
Page 283 and 284: 9.3 Formal Syntax 263 In almost any
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 293 da
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 295 e
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 297 Em
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 299 (o
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9.8 Summary 301 To prepare the deve
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Chapter 10 Behaviour-Preserving Tra
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.3 Some Properties of Transformat
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10.4 A System of Basic Transformati
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10.5 Example: The Elevator Problem
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.8 Summary 331 are transformation
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Chapter 11 SHE Framework Chapter 1
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 335 Inf
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 337 a p
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 339 11.
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11.3 SHE Framework 341 the system.
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11.4 Essential Specification Modell
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11.5 Extended Specification Modelli
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Chapter 12 Case Study Chapter 1 Cha
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12.2 Initial Requirements Descripti
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12.3 The Essential Specification 37
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12.4 Towards an Extended Specificat
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 399 i1 DIST
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 401 Feeder
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Chapter 13 Conclusions and Future W
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.4 Related Results 409 The notion
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Appendix A The POOSL Transition Sys
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A.1 The Data Part of POOSL 413 (12)
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 415 A
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 417 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 419 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 421 i
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Appendix B Proofs of Propositions a
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Proofs of Propositions and Transfor
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Appendix C Glossary of Symbols This
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Glossary of Symbols 437 267 Cp ¥¡
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References [AB90] P. America and F.
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REFERENCES 441 [C [C [C 86] B. Cohe
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REFERENCES 443 [Her90] A.J.H. Herbe
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REFERENCES 445 [MV93] S. Mauw and G
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REFERENCES 447 [vE89] P. van Eijk.
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Index abort, 297 abstract action so
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INDEX 451 strong, 190, 293 subsyste
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INDEX 453 delay, 178 do-statement,
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Summary This combined thesis descri
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Samenvatting Dit gecombineerde proe
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Curricula Vitae Piet van der Putten
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